PubMed · 14593391
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Jagadeesh S Moodera, Patrick LeClair. 2003. Spin electronics: a quantum leap.. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1006
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Gated detection of the output of a fiber-optic-coupled radiation dosimeter effectively eliminated the direct contribution of Cerenkov radiation to the signal. The radiation source was an external beam radiotherapy machine that provided pulses of 6-MeV x rays. Gated detection was used to discriminate the signal collected during the radiation pulses, including Cerenkov interference, from the signal collected between the radiation pulses due only to phosphorescence from the Cu(1+)-doped glass detector. Gated detection of the long-lived phosphorescence of the Cu(1+)-doped glass provided real-time dose measurements that were linear with the absorbed dose and that were accurate for all field sizes studied.
Measurements of HIV-1 DNA and plasma RNA levels represent unique entities, thus clinically and molecularly, data obtained from each can be used independently in assessing therapy or experiments. Plasma HIV-1 RNA levels are used to make clinical decisions regarding treatment strategies, but viral DNA can still be detectable when plasma RNA levels are undetectable. At the molecular level, accurate assessment of HIV-1 DNA copies/cell could increase the ability to target specific tissues for further analysis such as identification of site-specific integration of HIV in cellular DNA. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), HIV-1 copies/cell were determined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), bone marrow (BM), and tissue. Duplicate specimens were analyzed for plasma HIV-1 RNA levels and for viral DNA copies/cell from 24 HIV-1 infected individuals. DNA from an additional 58 PBMC and 34 other tissue specimens were also assayed with the results reported as a log of HIV-1 DNA copies/cell. The log viral DNA copies/cell of the 24 matched specimens ranged from -2.699 to 0.278 with no correlation to the plasma HIV-1 RNA levels (range 52 to 2 X 105 copies/mL). Similar range in log HIV-1 DNA copies/cell was found in the other specimens. Real-time PCR assay for viral DNA copies/cell provides a rapid assessment of HIV-1 copies/cell in specimens independent of plasma HIV-1 RNA levels. From selected cases with relatively high HIV-1 DNA copies/cell, inverse PCR successfully identified viral integration. This type of assay could facilitate further studies when relatively high viral copies/cell are needed for screening.
PURPOSE: This long-term study gives a review over 7 years of research, development, and routine clinical application of computer-aided navigation technology in dental implantology. Benefits and disadvantages of up-to-date technologies are discussed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the course of the current advancement, various hardware and software configurations are used. In the initial phase, universally applicable navigation software is adapted for implantology. Since 2001, a special software module for dental implantology is available. Preoperative planning is performed on the basis of prosthetic aspects and requirements. In clinical routine use, patient and drill positions are intraoperatively registered by means of optoelectronic tracking systems; during preclinical tests, electromagnetic trackers are also used. RESULTS: In 7 years (1995 to 2002), 55 patients with 327 dental implants were successfully positioned with computer-aided navigation technology. The mean number of implants per patient was 6 (minimum, 1; maximum, 11). No complications were observed; the preoperative planning could be exactly realized. The average expenditure of time for the preparation of a surgical intervention with navigation decreased from 2 to 3 days in the initial phase to one-half day in clinical routine use with software that is optimized for dental implantology. CONCLUSIONS: The use of computer-aided navigation technology can contribute to considerable quality improvement. Preoperative planning is exactly realized and intraoperative safety is increased, because damage to nerves or neighboring teeth can be avoided.