PubMed Health⌕ Search

PubMed · 14674792

A sampling method for comparing fungal concentrations in carpets.

Abstract

A microvacuum method is described for sampling fungal contaminants in carpet dust and reporting the results on an area basis. When sampling parameters such as suction force, contact time, and area sampled were held constant, and the results were reported on an area basis, fungal concentrations were associated with the potential for water intrusion, a determinant of exposure. Carpet dust samples were collected in open-face 25-mm cassettes containing 0.8 micro m mixed cellulose ester filters. The airflow rate was calibrated at 10 L/min, and the open-faced cassette was held firmly against the carpet at 20 separate spots for a period of 5 sec at each spot. An area of 98 cm(2) of carpet was sampled with each cassette. A total of 58 carpet dust samples were collected in 31 residential condominium units using the described methodology. The carpets were stratified into three groups: (1) controls and those at centers of rooms, (2) at sliding glass doors and under windows, and (3) in areas of water intrusion reported by the occupant. The geometric mean concentrations (GM) of total fungi increased in the listed order, as did the GM concentrations of Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. detected in the samples. In addition, the 95% confidence intervals on the GM concentrations for total fungi could be used to classify the carpets into three groups: uncontaminated, potentially contaminated, and contaminated.

Explore related subjects

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeXRIS

Joe C Spurgeon. A sampling method for comparing fungal concentrations in carpets.. https://doi.org/10.1202/429.1

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related citations

Changes in manganese and lead in the environment and young children associated with the introduction of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl in gasoline--preliminary results.

A 4-year longitudinal study is being conducted to evaluate potential changes to the environment and exposure of young children associated with the introduction of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) into Australia in 2001. The cohort consists of 57 females and 56 males, with an age range of 0.29-3.9 years. Samples are collected every 6 months from children in residences located at varying distances from major traffic thoroughfares in Sydney. Environmental samples include air, house, and daycare center dustfall, soil, dust sweepings, and gasoline; samples from the children include blood, urine, handwipes prior to and after playing outdoors, and a 6-day duplicate diet. All samples are analyzed for a suite of 20 elements using inductively coupled plasma methods. Results are presented for the first three 6-month sampling periods for lead (Pb) and manganese (Mn). For dustfall accumulation, expressed as metal concentration/m2/30 days, there was no significant difference between homes and daycare centers for either Pb or Mn, no significant change over the three sampling periods (time) for Pb or Mn, and a positive relationship between "traffic exposure" (traffic volume and proximity to the road) and Pb but not Mn. Lead concentrations in soil was a significant predictor for Pb in the house dustfall. For handwipes, the concentrations of Pb and Mn in wipes taken from children after playing outdoors was usually significantly greater than those for wipes taken prior to playing. There was no significant association between the concentrations of either Pb or Mn in handwipes and traffic exposure, and there was no significant association between Pb concentrations in the handwipes and gender, although the latter showed a marginally significant association for Mn (P = 0.053). Age was related to Pb level in the handwipes, with older subjects having higher Pb levels, and there were significant decreases in Pb and Mn concentrations over time. Dustfall accumulation was a significant predictor for Pb in the handwipes, and dust sweepings were a significant predictor of Mn in handwipes. Blood lead (PbB) concentrations ranged from 0.6 to 19 microg/dL (GM 2.6) (n = 269), and manganese in blood (MnB) ranged from 1.8 to 45 microg/L (GM 11.6) (n = 254). There was no significant difference between females and males for either mean PbB or MnB; over time there was a significant decline in PbB but no significant change in MnB. The only significant predictor for PbB was dustfall accumulation, although dietary intake may also be important, and the only significant predictor for MnB was Mn in handwipes prior to playing. At this early stage of the investigation we have not been able to detect any increases in Mn in these environmental samples or blood samples potentially associated with the use of MMT; in fact the Mn levels in handwipes declined over time.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗

Thoron levels in traditional Chinese residential dwellings.

A survey on radon (222Rn), thoron (220Rn) and its decay products (220RnD) was conducted in Chinese traditional residential dwellings constructed with loam bricks or soil wall. The activity concentrations in 164 dwellings under investigation were 72.4+/-59.2 (arithmetic mean, AM) and 57.5+/-2.0 Bq m-3 (geometric mean, GM) for 222Rn, and 318+/-368 and 162+/-3.7 Bq m-3 for 220Rn, respectively. For 220RnD, 67 dwellings were studied. The AM of the 220RnD equilibrium equivalent concentration was 3.8+/-3.3 Bq m-3 with a maximum value of 15.8 Bq m-3. On the basis of these results, the average annual effective doses to the local residents due to radon and thoron exposure were 1.44-4.62 mSv. Thoron contributes 12.9-56.6% to the total doses. Preliminary results show that there is a relation between 220RnD in air and 232Th in soil. The correlation factors of outdoor and indoor were 0.88 and 0.40. The 232Th activity content of Chinese soil is estimated to be about two times the world average. The traditional residential dwellings with soil construction are still common in China. Further investigations on the 220Rn level in these dwelling with the aim of dose reduction are proposed.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗