PubMed · 14775566
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1950. [Malt extracts].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14775566/
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Sex in basidiomycete fungi is controlled by tetrapolar mating systems in which two unlinked gene complexes determine up to thousands of mating specificities, or by bipolar systems in which a single locus (MAT) specifies different sexes. The genus Ustilago contains bipolar (Ustilago hordei) and tetrapolar (Ustilago maydis) species and sexual development is associated with infection of cereal hosts. The U. hordei MAT-1 locus is unusually large (approximately 500 kb) and recombination is suppressed in this region. We mapped the genome of U. hordei and sequenced the MAT-1 region to allow a comparison with mating-type regions in U. maydis. Additionally the rDNA cluster in the U. hordei genome was identified and characterized. At MAT-1, we found 47 genes along with a striking accumulation of retrotransposons and repetitive DNA; the latter features were notably absent from the corresponding U. maydis regions. The tetrapolar mating system may be ancestral and differences in pathogenic life style and potential for inbreeding may have contributed to genome evolution.
A novel reagent was introduced for the facile and sensitive spectrophotometric determination of synthetic pyrethroids in their formulations (fenvalerate, cypermethrin and decamethrin), water and grain samples. These methods were based on the hydrolysis of synthetic pyrethroids under the alkaline conditions to form respective aldehyde groups. These groups were condensation with 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrochloride (MBTH) to yield color derivatives having lambda(max) at 520 nm for fenvalerate, 516 nm for cypermethrin and 512 nm for decamethrin. The proposed method could be successfully applied for the determination of synthetic pyrethroids in their formulations, water and grain samples.
Lactobacillus plantarum VTT E-78076 (E76) and Pediococcus pentosaceus VTT E-90390 (E390) starter cultures were added to the steeping water of normal malting barley in order to balance the microbial community and to enhance malt processability. In this study, we also investigated the effects of lactic acid-acidified MRS-spent medium (MRS-LA) on malting performance. Malting trials with five different two-row barley varieties were carried out in 25 kg pilot scale. The starter cultures promoted yeast growth during malting and restricted the growth of harmful bacteria and Fusarium fungi. Furthermore, they had positive effects on malt characteristics. Reduction in wort viscosity and beta-glucan content and enhanced xylanase and microbial beta-glucanase activities were observed. Starter cultures notably improved lautering performance. Some of the beneficial effects were due to the lactic acid and low pH, as similar effects were obtained with MRS-LA. Starter cultures offer a tool for tailoring of malt properties.