PubMed · 14847611
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G KARBER. 1951. [On so-called oxide-wax, a solid polyethyleneglycol].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14847611/
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We characterized vine shoots, cotton stalks, Leucaena leucocephala and Chamaecytisus proliferus as pulping raw materials and found C. proliferus and cotton stalks to be the best for the intended purpose on the grounds of their increased contents in holocellulose (79.73% and 72.86%) and alpha-cellulose (45.37% and 58.48%), and their decreased contents in ethanol-benzene extractables (2.64% and 1.42%), hot water solubles (2.79% and 3.33%) and 1% soda solubles (16.67% and 20.34%). These properties resulted in increased pulp yields and hence in efficient use of these two types of raw material. The previous raw materials were pulped by using an ethyleneglycol concentration of 65% at 180 degrees C for 75min, followed by beating at 1500 revolutions in a PFI refiner. The paper sheets obtained were characterized and those from C. proliferus found to be the best overall as they exhibited an increased breaking length (4644m), stretch (2.87%), burst index (2.46kN/g) tear index (0.33mNm(2)/g) and brightness (49.92% ISO); in addition C. proliferus pulp was obtained with a high-yield (62.88%). On the other hand, vine shoots provided the poorest results among the studied raw materials.
A proper understanding of the conformational energetics of 1,2-ethanediol (ethylene glycol) is important to the construction of molecular mechanics force fields for the treatment of carbohydrates since these biologically important molecules have a prevalence of vicinal hydroxyl groups. In the present study, quantum mechanical analysis of the 10 unique minimum-energy conformations of ethylene glycol is performed by using 10 model chemistries ranging from HF/6-311++G(d,p) up to a hybrid method that approximates CCSD(T)/cc-pVQZ. In addition, natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis of these conformations with deletion of pairings of CO bond/antibonding and lone pair/antibonding orbitals is used to investigate contributions from the "gauche" effect to ethylene glycol conformational energetics. MP2 with the "correlation consistent" basis sets and DFT/6-311++G(d,p) do the best job of matching the approximate CCSD(T)/cc-pVQZ energies while MP2/6-31G(d) and Hartree-Fock both fare poorly. NBO analysis shows the conformational energies to be independent of the deletion of matrix elements associated with (i) CO bonding and antibonding orbital interactions and (ii) lone pair and antibonding orbital interactions, whereas the energetic ordering correlates with geometric parameters consistent with internal hydrogen bonds. Thus, the present results suggest that standard molecular mechanics potential energy functional forms, which lack explicit terms to account for stereoelectronic effects, are appropriate for carbohydrates.
It is found that replacement of the chloride ions in tetrachloroauric acid with bulky bromide ions inhibits the formation of gold nanoparticles in the photochemical reduction in ethylene glycol. However, the addition of silver ions to either the bromide or the chloride auric acid solution is found to enhance the rate of gold nanoparticle formation. These results are found to be accounted for by the previously proposed mechanism (Eustis, S.; Hsu, H.-Y.; El-Sayed, M. A. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 4811) which involves disproportionation of the chloroauric complexes to generate free gold atoms and chloride ions. The steric effects of the bulky bromide ions inhibit the formation of the Au-Au bond needed in the electron transfer process of the disproportionation reaction. The addition of Ag+ ions results in the formation of insoluble silver halide, which shifts the disproportionation reaction toward the formation of gold atoms and thus the formation of gold nanoparticles.