PubMed · 14854390
The source did not provide an abstract. Follow the original record for more information.
Explore connections, maps & timelines
1951. ELECTRONIC relay.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14854390/
Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.
KEEP EXPLORING
We describe a novel stimulus delivery system designed to present tactile stimuli to a subject in the tunnel of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system. Using energy from an air-driven piston to turn a wheel, the device advances a conveyor belt with a pre-determined sequence of stimuli that differ in their spatial features into the tunnel of the MRI. The positioning of one or several stimulus objects in a window near the subject's hand is controlled by a photoelectric device that detects periodic openings in the conveyor belt. Using this electric signal to position each presentation avoids cumulative positioning errors and provides a signal related to the progression of the experiment. We used a series of shapes that differed in their spatial features but the device could carry stimuli with a diversity of shapes and textures. This flexibility allows the experimenter to design a wide variety of psychophysical experiments in the haptic world and possibly to compare and contrast these stimuli with the cognitive treatment of similar stimuli delivered to the other senses. Appropriate experimental design allows separation of motor, sensory and memory storage phases of mental processes.
We present a robust and simple method for direct, label-free PCR product quantification using an integrated microelectronic sensor. The field-effect sensor can sequentially detect the intrinsic charge of multiple unprocessed PCR products and does not require sample processing or additional reagents in the PCR mixture. The sensor measures nucleic acid concentration in the PCR relevant range and specifically detects the PCR products over reagents such as Taq polymerase and nucleotide monomers. The sensor can monitor the product concentration at various stages of PCR and can generate a readout that resembles that of a real-time fluorescent measurement using an intercalating dye but without its potential inhibition artifacts. The device is mass-produced using standard semiconductor processes, can be reused for months, and integrates all sensing components directly on-chip. As such, our approach establishes a foundation for the direct integration of PCR-based in vitro biotechnologies with microelectronics.
The printed circuit board is the platform upon which microelectronic components such as semiconductor chips and capacitors are mounted. It provides the electrical interconnections between components and is found in virtually all electronics products. Once considered low technology, the printed circuit board is evolving into a high-technology product. Printed circuit board manufacturing is highly complicated, requiring large equipment investments and over 50 process steps. Many of the high-speed, miniaturized printed circuit boards are now manufactured in cleanrooms with the same health and safety problems posed by other microelectronics manufacturing. Asia produces three-fourths of the world's printed circuit boards. In Asian countries, glycol ethers are the major solvents used in the printed circuit board industry. Large quantities of hazardous chemicals such as formaldehyde, dimethylformamide, and lead are used by the printed circuit board industry. For decades, chemically intensive and often sloppy manufacturing processes exposed tens of thousands of workers to a large number of chemicals that are now known to be reproductive toxicants and carcinogens. The printed circuit board industry has exposed workers to high doses of toxic metals, solvents, acids, and photolithographic chemicals. Only recently has there been any serious effort to diminish the quantity of lead distributed worldwide by the printed circuit board industry. Billions of electronics products have been discarded in every region of the world. This paper summarizes recent regulatory and enforcement efforts.