PubMed · 14864249
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W C COCKBURN. 1951. Whooping-cough immunization.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14864249/
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Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is an effective adjunctive treatment for intractable epilepsy. However, the optimal range of device duty-cycles [on/(on + off times)] is poorly understood. The authors performed a multicenter, randomized trial of three unique modes of VNS, which varied primarily by duty-cycle. The results indicate that the three duty-cycles were equally effective. The data support the use of standard duty-cycles as initial therapy.
Reflux disease can cause multiple disorders not only of the esophagus but also of the upper aerodigestive tract. In the last decade, an association between reflux disease and multiple head and neck diseases was described, including those of the larynx and pharynx as well as those of the nose, the sinuses and the middle ear. The present article summarizes these different diseases and possible pathomechanisms are explained. In particular, there is a need to differentiate between the classical gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and the extraesophageal manifestation of the reflux disease, called extraesophageal reflux (EER). Both diseases are characterized by different symptoms and can cause different disorders. To differentiate between GERD and EER, double-probe pH monitoring is mandatory. At last, some aspects of reflux therapy are explained.