PubMed · 14874754
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L H CATRON. Automatic siphon for continuous filtration.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14874754/
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A two-dimensional mathematical model was developed to simulate the performance of wire-duct single-stage electrostatic precipitators (ESP). The model presented by Talaie et al. [M.R. Talaie, M. Taheri, J. Fathikaljahi, A new method to evaluate the voltage-current characteristics applicable for a single-stage electrostatic precipitator, J. Electrostat., 53 (3) (2001) 221-233] was used for prediction of electric field strength distribution and V-I characteristic for high-voltage wire-plate configuration. Simple Lagrangian approach was used to predict particle movement. Normal k-epsilon turbulent flow model with considering electrical body force due to ion and charged particle flow was used to evaluate gas velocity distribution. Ignoring the effect of particle movement and fluid flow, the results of electrical part of mathematical model are in good agreement with experimental data of Penny and Matick [G.W. Penny, R.E. Matrick, Potential in DC corona field, Trans. AIEE Part 1, 79 (1960) 91-99]. The prediction of corona sheath radius and its variation with particle loading and applied voltage is the main distinguishing feature of the present model. This fact was not included in the earlier models.
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The respective influence on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia of currently available systems used for warming and humidifying the gases delivered to mechanically ventilated patients, that is, heated humidifiers and heat and moisture exchanger filters, remains controversial. METHODS: We addressed this question in a multicenter randomized study comparing heated humidifiers (with heated circuits) and filters in an unselected population of 369 intensive care patients receiving mechanical ventilation for more than 48 h. MAIN MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: The diagnosis of pneumonia was confirmed according to strict microbiologic criteria. There was no difference in pneumonia rate between the two groups (53 of 184 [28.8%] versus 47 of 185 [25.4%] for humidifiers versus filters; p = 0.48), or in the incidence density of pneumonia (27.4/1,000 ventilatory days versus 25.3/1,000 ventilatory days for humidifiers versus filters; p = 0.76). The mean duration of mechanical ventilation did not differ between the two groups (14.9 +/- 15.1 versus 13.5 +/- 16.3 days for humidifiers versus filters, p = 0.36). Endotracheal tube occlusion occurred, respectively, in five patients and one patient in the humidifier and filter groups (p = 0.12). Intensive care mortality was identical in the two groups (about 33%). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that both heated humidifiers and heat and moisture exchanger filters can be used with no significant impact on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia and that other criteria may justify their choice.
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