PubMed · 14908322
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B C CORBUS, A D BOYD. 1952. Urological anesthesia.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14908322/
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Subsecond dopamine (DA) concentration transients have previously been observed in behaving rats. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that DA transients can be pharmacologically induced in anesthetized rats. Coadministration of the D2 receptor antagonist, haloperidol, and the DA uptake inhibitor, nomifensine, results in significantly more DA transients than either drug alone. The results show that both D2 autoreceptors and the dopamine transporter regulate subsecond DA neurotransmission.
Since 1st October 2003 the new German "Approbationsordnung für Arzte" (Medical Licensing Regulations) requires an increasing amount of small group teaching sessions and encourages a multidisciplinary and more practical approach to the related topics. In 2004 the German Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine has provided almost all anaesthesia faculties of German Universities with equipment for full-scale simulation. This article describes methods for a simulation-based medical education training program. Basic requirements for a successful training program using full scale simulators are the provision of an adequate logistical and material infrastructure, teacher attendance of train-the-trainer courses, implementation in the medical curriculum and an instructor-student ratio of 1:3, equivalent to that for bedside teaching. If these requirements were fulfilled, medical students scored the simulation scenarios "induction of anaesthesia", "acute pulmonary embolism", "acute management of a multiple trauma patient" and "postoperative hypotension" as 1.5, 1.6, 1.5 and 1.5, respectively, on a scale of 1-6. These scores were better than those given for other segments of the curriculum.
Brain systems communicate by means of neuronal oscillations at multiple temporal and spatial scales. In anesthetized rats, we find that neocortical "slow" oscillation engages neurons in prefrontal, somatosensory, entorhinal, and subicular cortices into synchronous transitions between UP and DOWN states, with a corresponding bimodal distribution of their membrane potential. The membrane potential of hippocampal granule cells and CA3 and CA1 pyramidal cells lacked bimodality, yet it was influenced by the slow oscillation in a region-specific manner. Furthermore, in both anesthetized and naturally sleeping rats, the cortical UP states resulted in increased activity of dentate and most CA1 neurons, as well as the highest probability of ripple events. Yet, the CA3-CA1 network could self-organize into gamma bursts and occasional ripples during the DOWN state. Thus, neo/paleocortical and hippocampal networks periodically reset, self-organize, and temporally coordinate their cell assemblies via the slow oscillation.