PubMed · 14932208
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K REINHARDT. 1951. [Os subtibiale].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14932208/
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Identification of atherosclerotic lesions in asymptomatic subjects improves the stratification of their absolute cardiovascular risk. Several methods allowing detection of atherosclerosis rely on sophisticated and expensive apparatus. Only simple and inexpensive methods can be used in general practice. The ankle-brachial index (ABI) is a very simple, cheap and easy to learn method to identify peripheral artery disease, one of several clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis. ABI is not only a marker of atherosclerosis but a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality. Pulse wave velocity a marker of large artery stiffness is another strong predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. It is presently used only for clinical studies but may soon be part of the vascular assessment performed in general practice.
The ankle joint of ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) should restrict plantarflexion to prevent foot drop during the swing phase. However, excessive plantarflexion resistance causes excessive knee flexion during the stance phase. Plantarflexion resistive moment should be easily adjustable according to the gait ability of patients with hemiplegia. Because it is difficult to adjust plantarflexion resistive moment exactly, we developed an AFO with an oil damper. It is a small shock absorber that utilizes hydraulic resistance. The oil damper generates a resistive moment to the plantarflexion rotation of the ankle joint at the initial stance phase. The magnitude of the plantarflexion resistive moment at the heel strike can be easily adjusted to accommodate each patient's condition by simply turning an adjustment screw. We used a gait analysis system to compare the gait of 2 hemiplegic patients while they were wearing either the AFO with the oil damper or the AFO with the plantarflexion stop. The AFO with the oil damper achieved sufficient plantarflexion of the ankle and mild flexion of the knee by adjusting a proper plantarflexion resistive moment during initial stance phase, and provided a more comfortable gait than did the AFOs with a plantarflexion stop.
Peroneal tendon pathology is a common entity but is infrequently reported in the literature. The lesion may be due to partial tears, complete ruptures, subluxation, tenosynovitis, a fractured os peroneum, or damage to the peroneal retinacula. Chronic lateral ankle instability and excessive subtalar and ankle varus rotation may cause damage to the peroneal tendons and their associated structures. This article reviews the pathophysiology, diagnostic imaging, and current surgical techniques for the repair of peroneal tendons.