PubMed · 15115365
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Carrie Bellnoski. 2004. A new understanding.. https://doi.org/10.1097/01376517-200404000-00009
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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is most prevalent in children and young adults. The long-term effects of pediatric TBI include cognitive and behavioral impairments; however, over time, it is difficult to distinguish individual variability in intellect and behavior from sequelae of early injury. Postnatal day (PND) 19 rats underwent lateral fluid percussion (FP) injury, followed by rearing in either standard (STD) or enriched environment (EE) conditions. The hypothesis was that the traditional enhancement of cognitive functioning following EE rearing would be attenuated when this rearing is preceded by TBI at PND19. Thirty days after injury, Morris water maze (MWM) acquisition and subsequent probe trial retention were used to assess the behavioral effects of injury on experience-dependent plasticity induced by housing in EE at two different time windows. MWM acquisition demonstrated improvements following early EE rearing in both sham and injured animals; however, the degree of improvement was greater for uninjured animals. When EE rearing was delayed for 2 weeks after injury, the injury effect was absent and the effect of rearing even stronger. Memory testing in the early EE groups using a delayed probe trial showed an effect of injury and housing, with the sham EE animals benefiting the most. After the delayed EE, sham EE animals again showed more probe target hits, while FPEE animals did not, demonstrating an enduring memory deficit. These data confirm that early TBI has effects on experience-dependent plasticity resulting in long-term neurobehavioral deficits. In addition, the ability to benefit from environmental stimulation following TBI is dependent upon time after injury.
We report the case of an artificial donor insemination couple experiencing sudden infant death of their 8-month-old child. Six months after the incident, the couple were investigated by means of an extensive interview, a repertory grid investigation and the Family Assessment Measure, as well as at 6 years after the incident by an extensive interview. The results show the importance of the diagnosis of male infertility and the preceding fertility treatment for coping with the death of their child. Six months after the incident, acute feelings associated with bereavement are mixed with feelings of anger and shame, apparently due to the experience of infertility. However, secrecy and shame associated with male infertility and donor insemination make it impossible for the couple to communicate their feelings to each other or to friends and relatives; furthermore, they decline psychological counselling. Repertory grid investigation and the Family Assessment Measure point to significant problems within the partnership. Six years after the incident, the couple's relationship is destabilized and both partners plan to divorce. We suggest a possible link between donor insemination secrecy and difficulties with coping. We discuss implications for couple counselling and emphasize the necessity for an improved legal framework for donor insemination in Germany.
Past studies of galliform anti-predator behavior show that they discriminate between aerial and ground predators, producing distinctive, functionally referential vocalizations to each class. Within the category of aerial predators, however, studies using overhead models, video images and observations of natural encounters with birds of prey report little evidence that galliforms discriminate between different raptor species. This pattern suggests that the aerial alarm response may be triggered by general features of objects moving in the air. To test whether these birds are also sensitive to more detailed differences between raptor species, adult chickens with young were presented with variously sized trained raptors (small, intermediate, large) under controlled conditions. In response to the small hawk, there was a decline in anti-predator aggression and in aerial alarm calling as the young grew older and less vulnerable to attack by a hawk of this size. During the same developmental period, responses to the largest hawk, which posed the smallest threat to the young at all stages, did not change; there were intermediate changes at this time in response to the middle-sized hawk. Thus the anti-predator behavior of the adult birds varied in an adaptive fashion, changing as a function of both chick age and risk. We discuss these results in light of current issues concerning the cognitive mechanisms underlying alarm calling behavior in animals.