PubMed · 15127462
The Joint Commission has revised core standards in the Education chapter of the Comprehensive Accreditation Manual for Hospitals.
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K Hoffner. 2000. Education expectations more consistent.. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006247-200011000-00010
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This paper presents a comparison of willingness to pay (WTP) estimates generated from a dichotomous choice (DC) contingent valuation experiment and a choice experiment (CE). The study was conducted with subjects undergoing assisted reproductive techniques in the Grampian area of Scotland. Subjects first completed a DC WTP questionnaire. They were sent a CE questionnaire two months later. Welfare estimates for the DC WTP study and CE were not significantly different. Important research questions are raised concerning the validity of the various approaches to estimating WTP.
This study presents an in-depth investigation of out-of-pocket payments for health services, formal and informal, in the Republic of Georgia. The main purpose of the study is to: (a) analyze the process of collection and distribution of out-of-pocket or direct payments and particularly of the informal component; (b) explain why they seem to be so prevalent; (c) investigate their consequences, especially on access and quality of health care services. The findings of this study are derived from in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with users as well as providers. The study found that in general paying for health services in Georgia has become a really common and mostly accepted practice, and that a significant share of these payments are completely unrecorded. The extent of direct payments for health services are producing severe consequences on both equity and efficiency, making services unaffordable for most people, and leading to under funding of essential inputs. The policy implications of the study findings are challenging. First, the study clearly points out the deep-rooted and multidimensional reasons why out-of-pocket payments are pervasive, and why an important share of them is collected informally. Second, the study highlights that there is no simple solution. In particular, some of the solutions frequently proposed in the international debate, such as simply formalizing user charges, in the Georgian context appear impractical.
Quality of care problems have persisted for decades within U.S. nursing homes. A potential state-level policy towards addressing this concern is the level of Medicaid payment. However, a number of studies have found that an increase in Medicaid payment is associated with lower quality in the presence of certificate-of-need (CON) laws and bed construction moratorium regulations, which serve as barriers to entry within the nursing home industry. Instead of relying on potentially confounded cross-sectional comparisons, this study presents novel, panel-based evidence that incorporates aggregate private-pay price data. These estimates almost uniformly indicate that an increase in the Medicaid payment rate raises nursing home quality. When compared to the earlier literature, these new findings are attributed to changes over time in the market for nursing home care related to the growth in nursing home substitutes.