PubMed · 15214382
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W D Snively, J L Montenegro, R G Dick. 1966-07-18. Quick method for estimating body surface area.. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1966.03110030102034
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Burn-injured patients have special needs in the prehospital and emergency department settings. This article addresses the nursing priorities in prehospital and emergency department care.
Clinical trials of new agents for severe psoriasis require clear, well-characterized and objective measurement criteria to define the study population. The purpose of this paper is to offer parameters defining 'severe' psoriasis for use in clinical trials. If patients have at least 10% body surface area (BSA) involved and a psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) score > or =12, they have severe disease. While this definition assures inclusion of only patients with severe disease, a disadvantage is that some patients with truly severe disease (as defined by the impact of their disease on their quality of life) will be excluded. It is necessary to accept this trade off in order to have objective criteria, consistent across centers involved in clinical trials, for identifying patients affected by severe psoriasis.
OBJECTIVE: The factors affecting cardiac output in normal pregnancy remain controversial. This study prospectively evaluates maternal central hemodynamics and cardiac structure and function by echocardiography, together with maternal stature correction and correlation of these variables in healthy pregnant women in the latter half of pregnancy. METHODS: One hundred sixty echocardiographic studies were performed in 35 healthy pregnant women for longitudinal evaluation from early second trimester until term and 6-12 weeks postpartum. RESULTS: Cardiac output increased significantly at the early to mid third trimester and was maintained until term. It increased predominantly in the latter half of pregnancy, and peak cardiac output of 46-51% occurred from a 15% increase in heart rate and 24% increase in stroke volume. Maternal cardiac output measured in the early third trimester showed a good correlation with maternal body surface area (r = 0.72; P <.001) and fetal birth weight (r = 0.52; P =.008). Left ventricular systolic function was preserved until term. CONCLUSION: Maternal cardiac output peaks in the early to mid third trimester and is maintained until term. Significant correlations were observed among maternal cardiac output, maternal body surface area, and fetal birth weight.