Plant immunization.

Abstract

Plant immunization is the process of activating natural defense system present in plant induced by biotic or abiotic factors. Plants are pre-treated with inducing agents stimulate plant defense responses that form chemical or physical barriers that are used against the pathogen invasion. Inducers used usually give the signals to rouse the plant defense genes ultimately resulting into induced systemic resistance. In many plant-pathogen interactions, R-Avr gene interactions results in localized acquired resistance or hypersensitive response and at distal ends of plant, a broad spectrum resistance is induced known as systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Various biotic or abiotic factors induce systemic resistance in plants that is phenotypically similar to pathogen-induced systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Some of the biotic or abiotic determinants induce systemic resistance in plants through salicylic acid (SA) dependent SAR pathway, others require jasmonic acid (JA) or ethylene. Host plant remains in induced condition for a period of time, and upon challenge inoculation, resistance responses are accelerated and enhanced. Induced systemic resistance (ISR) is effective under field conditions and offers a natural mechanism for biological control of plant disease.