PubMed · 15377110
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Gary Boyd. Bottom line boost.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15377110/
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In this study, we report the coding-complete genome sequence of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 13 (GLRaV-13), isolate CA8881, detected in Vitis vinifera in California, USA. The genome sequence exhibited over 95% nucleotide identity with previously reported GLRaV-13 isolates and contributed to better understanding of the genetic diversity of ampeloviruses infecting grapevine.
We modeled the intraurban distribution of nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), a marker for traffic pollution, with land use regression, a promising new exposure classification technique. We deployed diffusion tubes to measure NO(2) levels at 39 locations in the fall of 2003 in San Diego County, CA, USA. At each sample location, we constructed circular buffers in a geographic information system and captured information on roads, traffic flow, land use, population and housing. Using multiple linear regression, we were able to predict 79% of the variation in NO(2) levels with four variables: traffic density within 40-300 m of the sampling location, traffic density within 300-1000 m, length of road within 40 m and distance to the Pacific coast. Applying this model to validation samples showed that the model predicted NO(2) levels within, on average, 2.1 p.p.b for 12 training sites initially excluded from the model. Our evaluation of this land use regression model showed that this method had excellent prediction and robustness in a North American context. These models may be useful tools in evaluating health effects of long-term exposure to traffic-related pollution.
Plants in the Mediterranean climate region of California typically experience summer drought conditions, but correlations between zones of frequent coastal fog inundation and certain species' distributions suggest that water inputs from fog may influence species composition in coastal habitats. We sampled the stable H and O isotope ratios of water in non-photosynthetic plant tissue from a variety of perennial grass species and soil in four sites in northern California in order to determine the proportion of water deriving from winter rains and fog during the summer. The relationship between H and O stable isotopes from our sample sites fell to the right of the local meteoric water line (LMWL) during the summer drought, providing evidence that evaporation of water from the soil had taken place prior to the uptake of water by vegetation. We developed a novel method to infer the isotope values of water before it was subjected to evaporation in which we used experimental data to calculate the slope of the deltaH versus deltaO line versus the LMWL. After accounting for evaporation, we then used a two-source mixing model to evaluate plant usage of fog water. The model indicated that 28-66% of the water taken up by plants via roots during the summer drought came from fog rather than residual soil water from winter rain. Fog use decreased as distance from the coast increased, and there were significant differences among species in the use of fog. Rather than consistent differences in fog use by species whose distributions are limited to the coast versus those with broader distributions, species responded individualistically to summer fog. We conclude that fogwater inputs can mitigate the summer drought in coastal California for many species, likely giving an advantage to species that can use it over species that cannot.