PubMed · 15381500
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2004. Eating to ease inflammation.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15381500/
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OBJECTIVE: Nuclear transcription factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) plays a key role in the inflammatory response and can be modulate by dietary fat. We have examined the effect of three diets, with different fat composition, on the activation of NF-kappaB on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). METHODS: Sixteen healthy men followed three 4-week diets, in a randomised crossover design: a Western diet, rich in saturated fat (SFA) [22% SFA, 12% monounsaturated fat (MUFA) and 0, 4 alpha-linolenic acid]; a Mediterranean diet [<10% SFA, 24% MUFA and 0.4% alpha-linolenic acid], and a low fat diet enriched in alpha-linolenic acid [<10% SFA, 12% MUFA and 2% alpha-linolenic acid]. NF-kappaB (electrophoretic mobility shift assay) in mononuclear cells and plasma concentrations (ELISA) of soluble vascular cellular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) were examined after either diets. RESULTS: Western diet increased 2.7-fold NF-kappaB compared with the Mediterranean diet (p=0.038) and 1.79-fold with the alpha-linolenic acid diet (p=0.07). No differences were found between the last two. Furthermore, an increase on plasma VCAM-1 was observed with the Western diet (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The Mediterranean diet diminished NF-kappaB activation in mononuclear cells, compared with Western diet, supporting its cardioprotective properties. The effect of the n-3 enriched diet was intermediate.
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Fats in the diet of countries in the Mediterranean basin are typically represented by olive oil, but the high consumptions of vegetables and to some extent also of fish result in appreciable intakes of n-3 fatty acids. In fact, various plant foods are relatively rich in the 18 carbon n-3 fatty acid, alpha linolenic acid, ALA, while the generally moderate consumption of fish, except for certain communities living close to the sea, contributes to the intake of the long-chain n-3. Although the amounts of fats in ALA-containing plant foods are low, the relatively high concentrations of this fatty acid and the large size of the portions consumed allow to reach appreciable doses of ALA, an n-3 fatty acid that has been shown to exert favourable effects on various relevant factors in cardiovascular protection. In addition, consumption of relatively small amounts of certain typical dry fruit components of the diet such as walnuts, provides a sizable supply of ALA that is also rather efficiently converted to the ALA derivative eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Additional rather typical wild food components of the diet in certain countries, i.e. snails and frogs, are also appreciable sources of ALA. It appears thus that the consumption of typical Mediterranean foods provides relevant intakes of n-3 fatty acids, especially ALA, that appears to be efficiently absorbed and also transformed at least to the long-chain derivative EPA.