PubMed · 15393017
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J R NEEFE. 1949. Viral hepatitis; problems and progress.. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-31-5-857
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Genital chlamydia infections are the most frequently diagnosed bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. Infections with chlamydia trachomatis are not notifiable in Germany. Since 2002, a STI sentinel surveillance including 243 sentinel sites has been set up in Germany. Between January 2003 and June 2006, 6.7% of 46,168 chlamydia tests were positive. Of the 1547 positive patients, 64.3% were women and the median age was 26 years. In this group, 60.4% of women and 29.3% of men were of non-German origin. Heterosexual contacts were stated as the possible source of infection for 42.9% of men and 26.4% of women. A total of 16.1% men and 38.6% women reportedly "always" used condoms with others than their permanent partner. The awareness of chlamydia infections needs to be improved among physicians, patients and the general population.
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This study aimed to systematically review and describe the evidence on chlamydia and gonorrhoea reinfection among men, and to evaluate the need for retesting recommendations in men. PubMed and STI conference abstract books from January 1995 to October 2006 were searched to identify studies on chlamydia and gonorrhoea reinfection among men using chlamydia and gonorrhoea nucleic acid amplification tests or gonorrhoea culture. Studies were categorised as using either active or passive follow-up methods. The proportions of chlamydial and gonococcal reinfection among men were calculated for each study and summary medians were reported. Repeat chlamydia infection among men had a median reinfection probability of 11.3%. Repeat gonorrhoea infection among men had a median reinfection probability of 7.0%. Studies with active follow-up had moderate rates of chlamydia and gonorrhoea reinfection among men, with respective medians of 10.9% and 7.0%. Studies with passive follow-up had higher proportions of both chlamydia and gonorrhoea reinfections among men, with respective medians of 17.4% and 8.5%. Proportions of chlamydia and gonorrhoea reinfection among men were comparable with those among women. Reinfection among men was strongly associated with previous history of sexually transmitted diseases and younger age, and inconsistently associated with risky sexual behaviour. Substantial repeat chlamydia and gonorrhoea infection rates were found in men comparable with those in women. Retesting recommendations in men are appropriate, given the high rate of reinfection. To optimise retesting guidelines, further research to determine effective retesting methods and establish factors associated with reinfection among men is suggested.