PubMed · 15394123
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R DRUMMOND. 1949-10-05. Avoidable transfusion mishaps.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15394123/
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OBJECTIVE: To describe the organization of medical and transfusion services within the framework of hospital admission for multiple trauma. STUDY DESIGN: National survey in France. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All French hospitals caring for multiple trauma patients were sent a questionnaire. Organization of the medical and transfusion services, and their related resources were evaluated. RESULTS: Among 372 questionnaires sent, 116 replies were received from structures which care for 18 (1-500) multiple trauma patients each year. An orthopaedic and an abdominal surgery unit were widely available whereas a neurosurgeon was available in 21% of responding centers. A transfusion site was found in 43%, whereas others have either a deposit for distribution to specific patients (40%) or a small deposit to cover urgent situations (17%). Comparison with legal or expert based rules of adequate transfusion process disclosed a variable incidence of practice dysfunctions (2-49%) depending on the parameter assessed. CONCLUSION: The French organization of multiple trauma patients' care and blood transfusion delivered for these patients is not homogenous. Dysfunctions were found in all types of hospitals. Recommendations describing good practice seem necessary to be built at the national level.
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The modern era of cryomedicine began in 1949 in London and developed world-wide in the second half of the 20th century based on the first report of a novel method of cryopreservation of sperm and erythrocytes using glycerol that was reported in 1949 and 1950 by Polge and Smith. In 1951 at Hradec Kralove, Czech. Klen initiated a "tissue bank" using his unique freeze-drying system. In 1964, the initial meeting of the Society for Cryobiology was organized by its first president. B. J. Luyet in Washington, DC. Cryobiology including cryopreservation and cryosurgery, contributed immense advances for clinical medicine. Cryomedicine will realize the goals of the New Millennium medicine: regeneration, plasticity, and minimally invasive therapy. I explained the first one, regeneration in this paper in detail. Cryomedicine involved subzero-temperatures to freeze the biological objects either for preservation or for destruction. Cryopreservation involves the cooling of the target biological materials to below the temperature of solidification by consumption of energy, through continuously supplying inert cryogens to attain the necessary cryo-temperatures by Joule-Thompson's effect. Therefore biological materials for cryopreservation should be carefully selected and once frozen purposefully kept in the frozen state to be used later to regenerate human cells, tissues and organs, and also to relaize "plasticity". Recently, lyophilization of human cells and tissues came back to the main street of cryopreservation to provide low cost economical and ecological banking of cells and tissues as a hope of the New Millennium. The first attempt of that was made by Prof. Dr. Rudolf Klen and his colleagues.Finally, physicians and related scientists who are going to be interested in cryomedicine should not worry about "freezing and thawing" as being time consuming and labor intensive, otherwise they will not share in the crucial benefits of cryomedicine.