PubMed · 15394325
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S DAHL. 1949. About copper.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15394325/
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Copper and copper-based materials have gained increasing attention for the functional modification of implantable medical devices intended for prolonged soft-tissue contact, including vascular stents, catheters, and intrauterine devices. Owing to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, redox reactivity, and involvement in angiogenesis and cellular signaling, copper-based systems offer significant potential for multifunctional surface engineering. However, achieving a balance between antibacterial efficacy, corrosion behavior, controlled ion release, and cytocompatibility remains a critical challenge. This PRISMA-compliant systematic review analyzes copper-containing materials and surface modification strategies for soft-tissue biomedical applications. A structured search of Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed (2015-2025) identified 65 eligible studies. The review encompasses bulk copper-containing alloys, electrochemical and chemical surface modification techniques, physical vapor deposition approaches, and advanced hybrid systems integrating copper with polymers, hydrogels, or metal-phenolic networks. Across the reviewed literature, antibacterial performance was strongly dependent on copper concentration, microstructural distribution, and spatiotemporal ion release profiles. Moderate, well-controlled copper incorporation frequently improved antibacterial efficacy while maintaining acceptable hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility, particularly in vascular and blood-contacting devices. In contrast, excessive copper loading often accelerated corrosion and induced adverse cellular responses. Emerging multifunctional architectures demonstrated improved regulation of biological interactions, enabling simultaneous antibacterial, antithrombotic, and proendothelial effects. Overall, copper-based surface technologies represent a versatile platform for soft-tissue implant modification. Future translational progress will require precise control of copper release kinetics and comprehensive long-term in vivo validation to ensure safety and sustained therapeutic performance. From the authors' perspective, the most promising future direction involves multifunctional copper-based hybrid coatings capable of dynamically regulating ion release, host tissue integration, and antibacterial performance simultaneously. Strategies integrating hierarchical architectures, stimulus-responsive release systems, and clinically scalable fabrication methods are expected to play a key role in translating copper-containing surfaces from experimental concepts toward commercially viable soft-tissue biomedical devices.
cis 5-tert-butyl-L-proline (Cbp) was prepared rapidly and efficiently by the addition of low-valent tert-butyl cuprate to an aminal derived from proline. [Cbp(2), D-Leu(5)]-OP was then synthesized, showing a predominant cis peptide bond conformation, as confirmed by NMR.
A considerable body of evidence now shows that PrP (prion protein) binds metal ions with high affinity and it has been claimed that the binding of copper (II) ions to PrP confers SOD (superoxide dismutase) activity. In turn, it has been suggested that PrP is a synaptic dismutase and that loss of this function, as a result of the conversion of PrP(C) into PrP(Sc), results in pathology and hence morbidity associated with prion disease. However, contrary to previous reports, in the present study we have found that PrP exhibits no detectable dismutase activity above baseline levels measured for copper (II) ions in water when assayed using a reliable procedure with a detection limit of at least 2 units of activity/mg of protein. This was true when the assay was performed with either PrP refolded from a denatured state in the presence of copper, as in previous studies, or native PrP loaded with copper. Thus if PrP has any role in oxidative stress, it must be indirect as a regulator of protective cellular responses.