PubMed · 15396566
The source did not provide an abstract. Follow the original record for more information.
Explore connections, maps & timelines
J D HINDLEY-SMITH. 1949. Spa therapy.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15396566/
Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.
KEEP EXPLORING
In the last decade, interest in the impact of the built environment on physical activity has grown. Policies and community and neighbourhood infrastructure provide opportunities to be active, and facilitate incidental physical activity, such as walking for transport or use of stairs. Theoretical ecological models provide a basis for physical activity research and practice, focussing attention on multiple levels of influence on behaviour (i.e., individual, social-environmental and physical environmental). However, few studies have quantified the relative contribution of these correlates on behaviour, leaving policy-makers and practitioners wondering about where to target their efforts: people or places? This paper draws on theory, evidence to date and case studies to argue that comprehensive interventions targeting both people and places are required to increase physical activity. The joint influence of place and people is discussed in the context of data showing that the likelihood of walking at recommended levels is nearly eight times higher (OR 7.84; 95% CI 4.41-13.91) in people with both a supportive environment and positive cognitions compared with those low on both. To increase physical activity requires multi-sector partnerships and comprehensive long-term multi-pronged interventions that include short-, medium- and long-term strategies aimed at bringing about cultural shifts favouring physical activity over sedentary alternatives, and the creation of a supportive built environment. The health sector can contribute by implementing public education programs, workforce development, building the evidence-base and advocating for change. However, to improve policies and infrastructure in places the commitment of sectors outside of health is critical.
OBJECTIVE: To describe and critique recent studies of clinical pharmacy services that have evaluated impact on health-related quality of life (HRQL) and to determine whether studies that lacked a control group were more likely to report a statistically significant impact on HRQL. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, EMBASE and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts were searched (March 1999-December 2004) using terms for HRQL and clinical pharmacy services. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: All original research articles in English identified from the data sources were examined. Abstracts were screened by 2 reviewers, and studies were included if a clinical pharmacy service was evaluated and pre-/post - HRQL outcomes were reported. DATA SYNTHESIS: Of 1152 citations identified by the literature search, 36 articles met the inclusion criteria. Twenty-two studies had a condition-specific focus. Fifteen studies incorporated a generic HRQL measure (primarily the short-form-36 items), 13 studies used a condition-specific measure, and 8 studies included both. Significant impact on one or more domains of HRQL was predominantly demonstrated in interventions relating to asthma, hypertension, and chronic heart failure. Statistically significant change in HRQL was reported in 8 of 21 studies that used a randomized controlled design (38%), in 2 of 5 studies with a nonrandomized design with control group (40%), and in 6 of 8 studies without a control group (75%; chi2 2.00; p = 0.16). CONCLUSIONS: Since 1999, the number of published studies of clinical pharmacy services that evaluated HRQL as an endpoint has more than tripled. Study designs have improved in terms of longer length of follow-up, and a wider breadth of clinical services has been evaluated. Certain pharmacy services, such as asthma management, appear to offer the most convincing evidence for the value of clinical pharmacy services in terms of measurable short-term HRQL benefit.