PubMed · 15397294
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R DOS SANTOS. Arteriography.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15397294/
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A method of encasing cardiovascular stents with an expandable polyurethane coating has been developed to provide a smooth homogeneous inner wall allowing for a confluent growth of endothelial cells. In this design, the metal wire stent structure is completely covered by the polyurethane film, minimizing biocorrosion of the metal (stainless steel or nitinol), and providing a homogeneous surface for surface treatment and incorporation of various eluting drugs to prevent platelet aggregation while supporting endothelialization. The polyurethane surface was treated with a helium plasma for sterilization and promotes growth of cells. The article details the performance of the coated film to expand with the metal stent up to 225% during deployment. Stress/strain behavior of polyurethane films, subsequent plasma treatment of the surface, and the adhesion of the coating to the stent structure upon expansion are presented. A film of less than 25 microm was found to be sufficient for corrosion resistance and flexibility without producing any excess stress on the stent structure. Straining the film to 225% and plasma modification did not affect the mechanical and surface properties, but allowed for improved biocompatibility as determined by the critical surface tension, surface chemistry, and roughness.
UNLABELLED: We present an anatomical study that describes the distribution of the cutaneous perforators (CP) of both heads of the biceps femoris muscle. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this study, we dissected 18 legs from nine cadavers. The study was centered on the biceps femoris muscle and musculocutaneous perforator arteries from both muscular heads. Only perforator arteries with comitant vein diameters of over 0.5 mm were selected. The vascular origin and length were also studied. In all cases, measurements were taken from the bicondyle line. RESULTS: The measurements taken from the muscle bellies of the biceps gave the following results; for the long head 33.91 cm as medium length (SD = 2.70) and for the short head 23.85 cm as medium length (SD = 2.96). The total number of perforator arteries obtained from the two muscle bellies was 139, with the greatest percentage located in the lower half of the thigh. The majority follow an intramuscular route (80.48%) and less frequently they are septals (19.52%). The lengths of perforator arteries from its origin in the axial vessel of the muscle to the subcutaneous fat were, for the short head 5.01+/-1.33 (3.0-10.0), whereas the same measurement, in the long head was 4.54+/-1.36 (2.5-9.0). The principal vascular origin of the perforator arteries was the popliteal artery in both muscle bellies, whilst the second arterial vessel in importance was the first and second profunda perforator artery. CONCLUSION: From the results obtained in our work, we can deduce that it is always possible to locate perforator arteries in both muscle bellies; most frequently they have intramuscular distribution and are located in the proximity of the vascular septum. Their most common origins are the popliteal artery and first and second profunda perforator artery. Finally, it is possible to design pedicle and free flaps, with less morbidity and more versatility than musculocutaneous flaps.
The skin of the lower leg is nourished by a number of perforating vessels arising from the named arteries which travel in the longitudinal axis of the limb. The distribution of these perforating arteries has been elucidated using a combination of techniques but which are essentially based on cadaveric studies. Clinically, this knowledge has provided the basis for methods of local tissue transfer in the lower limb. A common finding with the use of local fasciocutaneous flaps is venous congestion. The relationship of the veins to the arteries in perforating vessels of the lower limb has not been investigated. We studied the veins accompanying these arteries by dissecting them in 40 lower limbs (20 cadavers). A total of 40 pedicles were dissected. We concentrated our analysis of the arterial/venous relationship on the most distal vessels on the medial aspect of the lower limbs (the vascular basis for the commonly used distally based fasciocutaneous flap). We found that 25 of these arteries were accompanied by one perforating vein whereas 12 were accompanied by two or more veins. When there was a single vein this was usually larger than the artery in external diameter and lay inferior to the artery 76% of the time. When there were two veins or more, there was an interconnection between the two around the artery in over half of the samples (7/12). Surprisingly, three vessels did not have any accompanying vein. This study sheds some light on the variation in venous drainage important to the initial survival of these flap transfers.