PubMed · 15398126
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L SCHEELE. 1949. The Donora study.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15398126/
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Parotid saliva placed in 35-mm-diameter tissue culture dishes developed increasing surface viscoelasticity at the interface with air. A surface layer became visible with time, and was collected and analysed by protein electrophoresis which indicated that a single protein (pI 4.2; molecular mass approx. 6 kDa) predominated. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the major protein band reacted with an antiserum directed against the C-terminal of the calcium-binding salivary protein statherin. Matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization-time-of-flight MS analysis gave a molecular mass of 5380 Da for the protein, corresponding to the molecular mass of statherin. Staining of film protein in electrophoresis gels was compared with statherin synthesized on a solid phase, and the mean statherin content of film formed from 1 ml of parotid saliva was measured as 7 nmol. The mean calcium content of the surface layer was 250 nmol. Surface rheology was greatly decreased in the presence of EDTA, whereas surface tension of saliva was unaffected by calcium chelation, suggesting that protein accumulated at the surface was unaffected. The results suggest that a layer rich in statherin forms at the interface of saliva and air, and that the surface rheology developed is dependent upon protein interactions mediated by calcium. The surface layer may enhance the function of saliva as a protective layer on the mucosal surfaces and teeth.
The interaction of 1-palmitoy-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocoline (POPC) and 1-palmitoy-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (POPE), two of the major components in biological membranes, were investigated using the monolayer technique at the air-water interface. The pressure-area isotherms indicate that both phospholipids are miscible through all range of compositions. POPE-POPC form stable mixtures, with a minimum for the Gibbs energy of mixing at X(POPC) = 0.4. A virial equation of state was fitted to the experimental values. Positive values found for the second virial coefficient indicate repulsion between POPC and POPE. The interaction parameter was evaluated which indicated that a corresponding decrease in the repulsion occurs when POPC molar fraction is low. This effect suggests the existence of hydrogen bonds between POPE and the water beneath the interface.
Flammability limits data are essential for a quantitative risk assessment of explosion hazard associated with the use of combustible gas. The present work is to obtain the fundamental flammability data for prevention of the hazards in the practical applications. Experiments have been conducted in a constant volume combustion bomb, and the fuel considered here is natural gas (NG). The pressure histories in the combustion bomb are recorded and a criterion of 7% pressure rise has been used to judge a flammable mixture. The effects of ethane on NG-air flammability limits have been investigated. By adding diluent (carbon dioxide, nitrogen or their mixture) into NG-air mixture, the dilution effects on the flammability limits have been explored as well, and the results are plotted as functions of diluent ratio.