Cardiovascular drug class specificity: beta-blockers.

Abstract

Beta-adrenergic blockers are one of the most frequently prescribed cardiovascular drugs. Numerous beta-blockers are available for clinical use. Although these agents differ substantially, it is not clear whether (and which) differences are clinically relevant. Most of the important differences among agents reflect the relative specificity for beta1-, beta2-, and alpha-adrenergic receptors. Selection of a particular agent and target dose is probably best guided by available trial data, even though data are limited. Nonselective agents (with or without alpha-blocking properties) devoid of intrinsic sympathetic activity (ISA) are most appropriate postinfarction. Evidence exists demonstrating a mortality benefit postinfarction for propranolol, timolol, metoprolol, and, in the presence of left ventricular dysfunction, carvedilol. In the setting of heart failure, the selective agents metoprolol and bisoprolol as well as the nonselective agent carvedilol (which possesses alpha-blocking properties) have a demonstrated mortality benefit. Not all tolerated beta-blockers are associated with a survival benefit and it is probably not advisable to extrapolate benefits to all drugs with similar (although probably not identical) properties. Carvedilol may possess advantages over other beta-blockers and a possible survival advantage, suggested by the recent Carvedilol or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET), although these findings are not universally accepted. Ultimately, selection of a specific agent avoids obvious contraindications and uses trial data to guide selection and dose as long as side effects are absent or tolerable.