PubMed · 15628463
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Masaki Ikemoto. 2004. [Arginase].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15628463/
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Arginase 1 (ARG1) metabolizes arginine, thus reducing the availability of arginine as a substrate for nitric oxide synthase (NOS). The decreased production of nitric oxide (NO) by NOS and the production of ornithine by ARG1 affect immune responses and tissue regeneration at sites of infection, respectively. We here demonstrate that ARG1 is synthesized in myelocytes/metamyelocytes and is stored in gelatinase granules. In accordance with this, activated neutrophils coreleased ARG1 and gelatinase to the extracellular environment on stimulation with phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). Overall, these findings define ARG1 as a genuine gelatinase granule protein and support a model in which activated neutrophils release ARG1 at sites of infection to modulate immune responses and promote tissue regeneration.
Fermented fruit and beverages frequently contain ethyl carbamate (EC), a potentially carcinogenic compound that can be formed by the reaction of urea with ethanol. Both are produced by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae with ethanol as the major end product of hexose fermentation and urea as a by-product in arginine catabolism. In spirit production, EC can also be derived from cyanide introduced by stone fruit. To determine the relative contribution of yeast metabolism to EC production, we genetically engineered a diploid laboratory strain to reduce the arginase activity, thus blocking the pathway to urea production. For this purpose, strains with either a heterozygous CAR1/car1 deletion or a homozygous defect (car1/car1) were constructed. These strains were compared to the parental wild type and to an industrial yeast strain in cherry mash fermentations and spirit production. The strain with the homozygous car1 deletion showed a significant reduction of EC in the final spirits in comparison to the non-engineered controls. Nevertheless, using this strain for fermentation of stoneless cherry mashes did not completely impede EC formation. This indicates another, as yet unidentified, source for this compound.
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