PubMed · 15675021
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Flu prevention 2004-2005: an update.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15675021/
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AIM: To describe the expected fluctuation in the mean deviation (MD) scores on a large, long-term series of stable visual field reports for particular grades of defect in order to give clinicians an aid to the correct diagnosis of glaucomatous progression. METHOD: Visual field reports of subjects with five reliable consecutive Humphrey 24-2 visual fields, recorded over a period of at least 3 years, were scored using the Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS) system. The AGIS scores of the first and last visual fields were required to be identical. RESULTS: A total of 202 eyes from 202 patients were used in the study, with a total of 1010 visual fields being used in the analysis. Visual fields with no defect (AGIS score 0) had a 99% confidence interval (CI) of 0.3 dB, mild defects 0.4 dB, moderate defects 0.8 dB, severe 1 dB, and 1.3 dB for end-stage defects when considering variation of MD scores. Using a one-way ANOVA incorporating all stages showed very little fluctuation throughout the series (P=0.96). The correlation between the CI and grade of field defect showed a good positive correlation (r=0.7, P=0.0003) indicating an increase in CI as field defects worsen. CONCLUSION: When considering a series of reliable visual fields in a stable eye, one should expect only very little fluctuation in the MD, indicating that an increase in the MD beyond that of the 99% CI described may suggest progression. The reliability indices of the visual field test should be regarded as a primary consideration when assessing visual fields.
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Recent studies have highlighted a potential link between the cleavage orientation of a dividing neuroblast and the regulation of daughter cell fate in the developing vertebrate retina. There is evidence to suggest that this process is at least partially regulated by the presence of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and/or RPE-derived factors. In addition to a lack of melanin in the RPE, the albino retina is characterized by abnormal patterns of cell proliferation and cellular organization during development as well as cell-type specific deficits in the adult. We examined mitotic spindle orientation in vivo in developing pigmented and albino rat retinae along with other parameters of cell division to determine whether RPE abnormalities in the albino influence these aspects of retinal development. In the albino, mitotic indices were elevated, an excess of cells remained in the cell cycle, dividing cells were not so tightly apposed to the ventricular margin, and an excessive proportion of divisions was vertically oriented (i.e., with the mitotic spindle aligned perpendicular to the plane of the neuroepithelium). Administration of L-DOPA (a melanin precursor found at reduced concentrations in the hypopigmented eye) regulated the distribution of spindle orientations and reduced levels of mitosis in a manner consistent with an endogenous role in the control of these processes. These findings highlight the multiple roles that L-DOPA plays in the regulation of retinal development and cast light on the diversity of anatomical abnormalities found in the albino visual system. J. Comp. Neurol. 496:369-381, 2006. (c) 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.