PubMed · 15801402
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Alain Ruffion, Nicolas Morel-Journel, Albert Leriche. 2005-01-15. [Erectile dysfunction].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15801402/
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In this study, we assessed the results of the Dutch breast cancer screening programme for women aged 70-75, and discussed the current upper age limit of the women invited. We compared the main outcome parameters of the screening programme 1998-2000 for women aged 70-75, with those in women aged 50-69. Breast cancer detection rates were also compared with prediction from 2 variants of a simulation model of breast cancer screening, assuming the mean sojourn time, i.e., the duration of the preclinical detectable phase, to increase or not with age above the age of 65. The underlying idea is that an increase of the sojourn time with age will lead to a less favourable balance between screening benefits and harms from a certain age on. Of the 315,103 women (aged 70-75) invited, 65.6% participated. The attendance increased from 1998 to 2000. For women aged 74 and 75 years, this increase was almost 10%. As a result of the 187,207 screening examinations performed within this age group, 18.3 per 1,000 women were referred and 10.3 per 1,000 breast cancer were diagnosed. Detection rates in both initial and subsequent screens increased steadily with age and got close to those model-simulated rates, which assume a continuously increasing sojourn time with age. A major finding of this study is that the screening participation among elderly women is high. The outcomes of our study suggest a steadily increasing sojourn time of breast tumours beyond the age of 69, leading to a strong increase in detection of cancers, and therefore, disfavouring the balance with the benefits of screening. At present, 75 years of age can be regarded as an appropriate upper age limit for the Dutch programme.
We pooled the data from 6 case-control studies of bladder cancer with detailed information on fluid intake and water pollutants, particularly trihalomethanes (THM), and evaluated the bladder cancer risk associated with total and specific fluid consumption. The analysis included 2,729 cases and 5,150 controls. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for fluid consumption were adjusted for age, gender, study, smoking status, occupation and education. Total fluid intake was associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer in men. The adjusted OR for 1 l/day increase in intake was 1.08, (95% CI 1.03-1.14, p-value for linear trend <0.001), while no trend was observed in women (OR=1.04, 0.94-1.15; p-value=0.7). OR was 1.33 (1.12-1.58) for men in the highest category of intake (>3.5 l/day) as compared to those in the lowest ( 2 l/day vs. 5 cups of coffee daily vs. <5 and for THM exposure, but neither exposure confounded or modified the OR for tap water intake. The association of bladder cancer with tap water consumption, but not with nontap water fluids, suggests that carcinogenic chemicals in tap water may explain the increased risk.
BACKGROUND: We aim to establish the normal pattern of prostate specific antigen (PSA) change with age to provide a baseline from which disease progression might be identified in prostate cancer patients included in active surveillance programs. METHODS: In a community-based study, PSA values were determined at baseline and after 2.1 and 4.2 years in men without prostate cancer. A bivariate multilevel growth curve model was used to estimate the pattern of change of PSA with age. RESULTS: The final model showed that PSA was related to age only. The future PSA of an individual can be predicted based on his age and known history of PSA. The model was also used to calculate PSA doubling time for men with different PSA values at different ages. CONCLUSIONS: This method establishes normal PSA levels by age using PSA history in men without prostate cancer. The model provides baseline data from which disease progression might be detected.