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[Validated diagnostics for dysgrammatism].

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Non-standardized procedures are used to evaluate, in particular, grammatical performance in most German institutions performing diagnostic procedures on children with impaired speech and language development. This makes a comparison of results difficult. METHODS: We studied 181 boys and 72 girls aged between 5 and 6 years using four subtests of IDIS additionally to the routine procedure. Results were compared to the "degree of dysgrammatism" determined from the traditional evaluation based on expert rating. RESULTS: The new procedure is able to divide the children into groups with normal speech and language ability, with deficits accessible to a traditional logopedic treatment, and with severe speech and language impairment that necessitates intensive treatment. DISCUSSION: The proposed tests allow an accurate evaluation of grammatical performance instead of subjective estimates.

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BibTeXRIS

A Keilmann, H Schöler. 2007. [Validated diagnostics for dysgrammatism].. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00106-005-1305-3

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AIMS: To analyze whether repetition of nonwords (NWR) is a good method to differentiate between Spanish-speaking children with specific language impairment (SLI), children with normal language development (NL), and children with articulation disorder (AD), and to study whether phonological and syllabical characteristics, which are present in nonwords used in this task, are compatible with a SLI explanation on the basis of the temporal auditory limitation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eighteen 5- and 6-year-old children with NL, 19 with SLI, and 19 with AD, performed verbal tasks (principally, lexical and verbal memory tasks), and two NWR tasks: one is formed by four nonwords series with frequent syllables, in accordance with the analysis of syllable frequency in Spanish, and the other task is formed by nonwords with infrequent syllables. RESULTS: Like in English, NWR is the best method to differentiate children with SLI and children with NL; yet children with a minor impairment, like AD, show deficits in this task. Therefore, this disorder could be considered as an 'intermediate zone' between NL and SLI. Then it seems that AD is not an unmixed impairment of production only, since in its origin there are difficulties linked with the formation of the phonological representations of the words. CONCLUSIONS: With regard to syllable frequency, results do not support the explanation on the basis of temporal auditory limitation in Spanish. Results are discussed in relation to other explanations: general limitation of processing, with special incidence of the phonological working memory, and connectionist perspectives.

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Phonology, rapid naming and academic achievement in very preterm children at eight years of age.

AIM: To examine the impact and additive effect of phonology and rapid naming deficits on reading, spelling and mathematics achievement in a group of very preterm children at 8 years of age. METHODS: All surviving children with a gestational age less than 30 weeks, admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, in 1994 and 1995, were prospectively enrolled in developmental follow-up. Children with a neurosensory disability or a low intelligence score (FSIQ<or=85 points) were excluded. At 8 years of age standardised psychometric measures of cognition, linguistic ability and academic achievement were administered to a sample of 63 children. RESULTS: Twenty-four (38.1%) children showed low achievement in reading, spelling or mathematics. Of these, 18 (75%) children showed low achievement in reading. Reading achievement was significantly correlated to phonological awareness, rapid naming and expressive vocabulary. Children with phonological awareness and rapid naming deficits showed significantly more delay in reading than children without such deficits. Children who had rapid naming deficits were more likely to show multiple skill delays. Rapid naming showed significant, though modest correlations with immaturity and illness variables. Maternal education was significantly associated with achievement. CONCLUSIONS: Phonological awareness does predict reading performance in very preterm children. Rapid naming appears to be related to complex multiple academic delays, and may reflect a neurological timing or efficiency factor with effects independent of intelligence and significantly influenced by immaturity and illness.

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Phonological dyslexia and phonological impairment: an exception to the rule?

The condition known as phonological dyslexia involves very poor reading of non-words, with otherwise good word reading performance [e.g. Derouesné & Beauvois, 1979; Sartori, G., Barry, C., & Job, R. (1984). Phonological dyslexia: A review. In R. N. Malatesha & H. A. Whitaker (Eds.), Dyslexia: A global issue. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers]. Theoretical accounts of this non-word reading impairment suggest disruption to either a component of a non-lexical orthographic-phonological reading route [that is specifically involved in reading non-words; Coltheart, M., Rastle, K., Perry, C., Langdon, R., & Zeigler, J. (2001). A dual route cascaded model of visual word recognition and reading aloud. Psychological Review, 108, 204-256] or to generalised phonological processes on which novel reading is heavily dependent [Farah, M., Stowe, R. M., & Levinson, K. L. (1996). Phonological dyslexia: Loss of a reading-specific component of cognitive architecture? Cognitive Neuropsychology, 13, 849-868; Harm, M. W., & Seidenberg, M. S. (1999). Phonology, reading acquisition, and dyslexia: Insights from connectionist models. Psychological Review, 106, 491-528]. The present paper questions the latter hypothesis: that phonological dyslexia always occurs in connection with some other form of phonologically based disruption (i.e. in a 'cluster' of impairments that are not necessarily reading-specific). Contrary to this view, several recent studies have reported that phonological dyslexia can occur without corresponding generalised phonological impairment [e.g. Caccappolo-van Vliet, E., Miozzo, M., & Stern, Y. (2004a). Phonological dyslexia without phonological impairment? Cognitive Neuropsychology, 21, 820-839; Caccappollo-van Vliet, E., Miozzo, M., & Stern, Y. (2004b). Phonological dyslexia: A test case for reading models. Psychological Science, 15, 583-590]. However, the work is subject to a number of criticisms. The following study examines performance of a phonological dyslexic case (JH) on a variety of phonological based tasks and, unlike many other studies, components of phonological short-term memory. Despite clear impairments in reading non-words, good performance on a variety of phonological tasks makes the possibility of generalised phonologically based disruption unlikely. The view that JH's good phonological skill was dependent on the use of spelling based strategies was also excluded. As a result, JH's pattern of performance provides clear evidence that phonological dyslexia can occur without any generalised phonological impairment.

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