Changes in the patterning of a hydroid colony.

Abstract

It is a widely held view that colonial hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydroidomedusae) are formed on the basis of a repetition of uniform elements. The dominant opinion is that the equal spatial organisation of the colony exists during all stages of its development except the primary polyp, which develops from the settled larva. However, the complex structure and large dimensions of shoots in certain thecate species (subcl. Leptomedusae) suggest that the organisation of the primary shoot differs strongly from that of established colonies. The present study based on a thorough collection and examination of the collected material allowed to describe the entire sequence of the colony ontogeny in Hydrallmania falcata (Sertulariidae). The established shoots of this species are characterised by relatively large size, spiral arrangement of pinnate branches over the shoot stem, and hydranths arranged in one row along the upper side of branches. We showed that the primary shoot developing from the larva has much smaller dimensions and an alternate arrangement of hydranths. During further colony development the shoot organisation undergoes a gradual transformation ending with the emergence of large shoots with 'characteristic' species-specific features. The discovered sequence of changes in shoot patterning shows certain correlations with alterations of the growing tip dimensions. The dimensions of the growing tip seem to determine the patterning in accordance with the particular spatial location of the tip. This finding implies the necessity of a detailed reinvestigation of the entire colony development in thecate hydroids, which would make a significant contribution to the understanding of the morphogenetic evolution and patterning mechanisms within this group of colonial organisms.