PubMed · 1955968
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L M Christmann. Crawford tubes--a technique to avoid dislocation.. https://doi.org/10.3928/0191-3913-19910901-14
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In human cadaver specimens, a laser fiberoptic was advanced through the canalicular systems to create fistulas between the nasolacrimal sac and nose. A 400- to 600-microns, blunt-tipped quartz fiberoptic was then advanced through the upper and/or lower canaliculus to the medial aspect of the nasolacrimal sac. After 10 to 15 laser pulses (10 W for 0.1 second), a 2.5 x 2.5-mm fistula was created between the lacrimal sac and the nose just anterior and inferior to the middle turbinate. Additional laser pulses can further enlarge the fistula. Endocanalicular laser-assisted dacryocystorhinostomy has potential advantages compared with endonasal laser-assisted dacryocystorhinostomy, including the following: laser energy is directed away from the eye; the technique resembles standard nasolacrimal probing; and nasal endoscopy and instrumentation may prove unnecessary.
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