PubMed Health⌕ Search
Home/Archive/PubMed

PubMed · 2368821

The gradient filter test to assess amblyopia.

R V Keech·P J Kutschke
View original source ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

A new technique, the gradient filter test, was developed for evaluating changes in the visual acuity of preverbal children undergoing treatment for amblyopia. The gradient filter test consists of a series of calibrated photographic fog filter and prism lenses. The combined prism-filter lenses are placed in front of the normal fixing eye. The greatest density (fogging value) filter that causes a switch in fixation from the amblyopic to the normal eye is noted. In both normal eyes of 20 nonamblyopic patients and the fellow (non-amblyopic) eyes of 20 amblyopic patients, visual acuity decreased as the density of the prism-filter lens increased. The gradient filter test accurately detected an improvement in visual acuity when compared with optotype measurements in eight patients undergoing occlusion therapy. The gradient filter test is a useful clinical tool that can assess changes in visual acuity in preverbal children who are being treated for amblyopia.

Explore related subjects

AmblyopiaChildEquipment DesignFiltrationHumansReproducibility of ResultsVision TestsVisual AcuityCase ReportsComparative StudyJournal Article

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeXRIS

R V Keech, P J Kutschke. 1990-07-15. The gradient filter test to assess amblyopia.. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(14)76938-7

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related citations

PubMed2026

Genome-Wide and Rare Variant Association Studies of Amblyopia in Admixed American and African Ancestry Groups.

OBJECTIVE: To identify genetic variants associated with amblyopia in African (AFR) and Admixed American (AMR) ancestry groups, expanding on previous studies conducted in European ancestry. DESIGN: Retrospective ancestry-stratified genome-wide association study (GWAS) and gene-level rare variant association study (RVAS). PARTICIPANTS: Participants in the All of Us Research Program from AFR and AMR ancestry groups who had whole-genome sequencing available. Cases and controls were distinguished based on the presence of International Classification of Diseases 9/10/SNOMED diagnosis codes for amblyopia in electronic health records. This yielded ancestry-stratified subsets of 269 cases and 71 585 controls of AMR ancestry and 366 cases and 79 460 controls of AFR ancestry. METHODS: Stratified logistic regression models were adjusted for age, biological sex, and the top 10 principal components of genomic ancestry. GWAS was limited to common variants (minor allele frequency &#x2265;1%), and RVAS was limited to rare variants with coding sequence-altering effects (minor allele frequency >1%, exonic only, excluding synonymous variants) aggregated at the gene level using the SKAT algorithm. Downstream analyses of the significant variants were performed using KEGG and GO pathway analysis and STRING database queries for protein-protein interactions and gene-gene interactions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Single-nucleotide polymorphisms were determined to have genome-wide significance if P < 5e-8 in the GWAS, and genes were determined to have significant association with amblyopia in the RVAS if P < 8.0 &#xd7; 10-4. RESULTS: In the AMR GWAS, 245 unique single-nucleotide polymorphisms mapping to 97 distinct loci were identified, notably within neurodevelopmental and axonal guidance genes, including ROBO1, SEMA4B, PTPRD, NRXN1, and CAMK2D. The AFR GWAS identified 11 significant variants corresponding to 6 loci mapping primarily to long noncoding RNAs and pseudogenes. The AMR RVAS identified 15 genes, including axonal transport genes (KIF1B and KIF7) and growth factor signaling genes (EGF, ERBIN, and AKAP17A). The AFR RVAS identified a single gene, DLG2, which encodes the postsynaptic protein PSD-93, which promotes the closure of the sensitive period of neuroplasticity for vision in early childhood. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic risk architectures for amblyopia differ across ancestries but fundamentally converge on neurodevelopmental signaling, cortical synapse assembly, and sensitive period plasticity rather than ocular structural dynamics. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.

Amblyopia↗
PubMed1992

The Tokyo Metropolitan Home Vision Screening Program for amblyopia in 3-year-old children.

In August 1989, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government officially began a vision screening program for children aged 3 years 1 month. A 1988 pilot study of 1,303 children this age disclosed five cases (0.38%) of amblyopia. The home vision test, which uses picture cards of familiar figures, proved to be an efficient and inexpensive method of screening when incorporated into the existing health-check program for 3-year-old children. In the initial eight months of the program, 21,906 children were screened. Of these, 419 children (1.9%) were referred to an ophthalmologist for follow-up, and amblyopia was detected in 41 children (0.19%).

Amblyopia↗