PubMed · 2499900
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J H Ehrenreich. 1989. Transference: one concept or many?. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2499900/
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This paper relates the primitives of Robert J. Langs' psychology to those of physics. The off-boundary properties of all known natural processes are decided by their boundary behavior. Langs' formulations add the process of psychotherapy and general interpersonal exchange, that is two or more party dialogues, to this. His theory distinguishes the boundary, as does physics, into a frame and two-sided action site, referred to as a gate here. His ideas develop by moving from data on the boundary as a gate to the nature of the frame. His line of approach contrasts with Freud's direction toward the process interior and to Jung's across it. Placing his boundary ideas into where he enters psychology repeats a line of thought in the history of physics on the relation of a system to its environment. This paper notes that much of Freud's theory is grounded in the first law of thermodynamics and Jung's the second. Langs' theory subsumes both laws with a holistic boundary model.
There is a tension between those who hold that psychotherapy is a scientific discipline and therefore "value-free," and those who believe that values are inherent in the nature of psychotherapy. Psychoanalysis has moved from a science-based ideology, through the ethical concerns of Melanie Klein, to a recognition of the "aesthetic" dimension--the creation of suitable forms that can contain psychological distress. From this latter perspective, the antagonism between religion and psychotherapy, initiated by Freud, becomes less acute. Action-based ethical systems, which ignore the inner world, are critically scrutinized. The evidence suggesting there is a relationship between good outcome in psychotherapy and shared values between therapist and client is reviewed. It is posited that through examination of the "ethical countertransference," therapists should become aware of their own value systems and how they influence practice.
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