PubMed · 252615
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G S Fedorova. 1978. [Exercise therapy in arthrosis].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/252615/
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A sixty-one year-old male developed subacute polyenthesitis one month after the onset on pleuropulmonary disease. This last manifestation resolved completely six months later, whereas the enthesopathy ran a subacute course, improving over time. Three years after onset, the patient had monoarthritis of the left elbow and tendinitis of both Achilles tendons. During the course of the disease, neutralizing antibodies against Coxsackie virus A9 rose significantly then returned to normal when clinical manifestations improved. This finding suggests that viral infections may cause enthesopathy.
Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (100 nM), a potent protein kinase C and macrophage activator, has a biphasic affect on 25(OH)D3-1 alpha-hydroxylase activity in synovial fluid macrophages from arthritis patients. After 5 h, 1 alpha, 25(OH)D3 synthesis fell from 5.2 +/- 0.1 to 1.6 +/- 0.2 pmol/h per 10(6) cells, however, after 24 h and 48 h, synthesis increased to 17.4 +/- 0.3 and 22.3 +/- 1.4 pmol/h per 10(6) cells, respectively. Although an independent short-term mechanism is suggested, protein kinase C may promote macrophage activation, thus increasing long-term 25(OH)D3-1 alpha-hydroxylase expression. Intracellular calcium and cAMP are unlikely to activate the enzyme, since 0.1 microM of the calcium ionophore, A23187, and 1 mM dibutyryl-cAMP inhibited synthesis by 87% and 79%, respectively, after 24 h.
Shoulder pain of more than three months' duration is regarded as chronic. Activity with an elevated arm is a risk factor, due to reduced local flow of blood to the supraspinatus muscle. Knowledge about normal shoulder biomechanics and dysfunctional behaviour patterns is essential when treating patients with chronic pain. It is necessary to consider psychosocial factors in addition to local pathology. The clinical examination should enable the physician to distinguish between referred and true shoulder pain and between restricted and free passive range of movement. Diagnoses may be classified into eight groups. The association between pain and degenerative changes has yet to be solved. This emphasizes the danger of deciding treatment without matching findings from radiological examinations with clinical signs and symptoms.