PubMed · 259559
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E L Bandman. 1979. Why ethics in nursing practice?. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/259559/
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Immediately after the liberation of Kuwait by a coalition of allied forces in March 1991, representatives of Physicians for Human Rights traveled to Kuwait and conducted an inquiry into human rights violations allegedly perpetrated by Iraqi forces. The inquiry focused on the abuses that were said to have occurred in health care institutions. Human rights abuses by the Iraqis in Kuwaiti hospitals were documented, but certain allegations proved to be unfounded. However, Kuwaiti abuses of those accused of collaborating with the Iraqi invaders, in particular Palestinian citizens of Kuwait, were also observed. The trip and inquiry generated questions about the scope and applicability of medical ethical principles to physicians in different cultures and in situations unlike those in which medicine is normally practiced. In light of the Kuwait experience, Physicians for Human Rights has drawn tentative conclusions about the universal nature of medical ethics.
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In this paper questions are raised about the use of Halakhic material in discussions of medical ethics. Three ways in which one might use Halakhic material in such discussions are distinguished: (a) as a source for ideas about medical ethics which can be defended independently of their origin; (b) as a basis for mandating certain forms of behavior for members of the Jewish faith; (c) as the basis for claims about the Jewish view on disputed topics in medical ethics. The first two raise no methodological problems. The third use raises a number of theoretical and practical issues, with which the paper is concerned. The problems stem from the fact that Halakhah distinguishes between obligations, the fulfillment of which is required of the Jewish people, and obligations, the fulfillment of which is required of all people. With rare exceptions, the obligations imposed upon the Jewish people are more stringent. The pitfall lurking in the third of the three uses is that authors using Halakhic material may incorrectly conclude that obligations that are supposed to fall only upon the Jewish people fall upon all people. An analysis of this problem follows, along with a plea for a responsible use of Halakhic material in the third way, so as to avoid certain real pitfalls.