PubMed Health⌕ Search
Home/Archive/PubMed

PubMed · 2650505

Gynecomastia.

A K Leung
View original source ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

Gynecomastia may be physiologic, familial, pathologic, drug-induced or, in many cases, of unknown etiology. Breast enlargement is usually unilateral and asymptomatic. Mechanisms of gynecomastia involve increased estrogen stimulation, decreased testosterone levels or a decreased androgen/estrogen ratio. Hyperprolactinemia is not a cause. Treatment of gynecomastia should be directed at the underlying cause when one can be identified. Most cases are benign and can be managed by explanation, reassurance and observation.

Explore related subjects

GynecomastiaHumansMaleJournal ArticleReview

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeXRIS

A K Leung. 1989. Gynecomastia.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2650505/

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related citations

PubMed2005

Periareolar-transareolar-perithelial incision for the surgical treatment of gynecomastia.

Gynecomastia is an abnormal enlargement of the breast tissue in men. It is the most common disorder of the male breast. Surgical sharp resection of the excess breast tissue is still the mainstay of treatment when medical treatment modalities are proved to be ineffective. The authors believe that areolar incisions give the best results, especially for grades I and IIA gynecomastia. The authors review the ever-increasing areolar incision techniques that have been previously recommended, propose a classification for these techniques, and introduce an alternative technique for areolar resection of the enlarged gland in gynecomastia. An inferior pole, periareolar-transareolar-perithelial (PTP) incision was designed and 15 patients were operated successfully using this technique. Twelve cases were bilateral and 3 were unilateral (27 breasts). A 65-mm access port can be obtained from a 30-mm-diameter areola. No color changes or slough was observed in any of the patients. Areolar access incisions can be classified into 4 main groups: circumareolar, periareolar, transareolar, and circumthelial, and their subgroups. Like every incision proposed, the PTP incision cannot be recommended for every grade of gynecomastia. It is best suited for grades I, IIA, and IIB gynecomastia. Its wide exposure and potential advantage for areolar reduction makes this incision a good alternative to other areolar approaches.

Gynecomastia↗