PubMed · 2674019
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R Vanholder, S Ringoir. 1989. Bioincompatibility: an overview.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2674019/
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Different cell lines are involved during an immunological reaction, principally lymphocytes and monocytes. Monocyte/macrophage cells, which are among the first to appear in wound-healing and infection sites, are largely implicated in phagocytosis and could be involved in calcium-phosphate degradation. Their role in these processes may relate to cytokine secretions and/or their sensitivity to certain cytokines. We tested the behavior of human monocytes placed on the surface of biphasic calcium-phosphate (BCP) tablets in the presence of two lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentrations. After short-term culture (48 h), cytokine release (IL-1beta, IL-6) was measured by ELISA, and morphological cell events and biomaterial degradation were observed in scanning electron microscopy. BCP surface pits were noted near cells stimulated by 0.5 microg/mL LPS but were not apparent with 10 microg/mL LPS. The number of lacunae on BCP was increased after LPS treatment of human monocytes. An upmodulation of IL-1beta and IL-6 (in culture medium) released by LPS-activated human monocytes was observed, indicating good cell stimulation. This study demonstrates that LPS-activated human monocytes can degrade the surface of calcium-phosphate ceramic and confirms the role of human monocytes in biomaterial degradation.
In this study the properties of DL-lactide (DL-LA) copolymers with 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 wt % (in feed) of epsilon-caprolactone (epsilon-CL) polymerized with stannous(II)octoate (SnOct) as catalyst and glycerol, laurylalcohol, or pentaerythritol as initiator were investigated. Thermal studies showed that the addition of 5 wt % (in feed) of epsilon-CL to the P(CL/DL-LA) copolymer decreased the Tg by about 5 degrees C. Hydrolysis tests were carried out for copolymers with 20 and 30 wt % (in feed) of epsilon-CL to study the degradation rate. Molecular weights decreased dramatically during the first week of hydrolysis, with mass losses occuring a few weeks later. The influence of glycerol and pentaerythritol as initiators, and the influence of epsilon-CL content on stress-strain behavior, tension set, and rheologic properties of the P(CL/DL-LA) copolymers were also investigated. The tensile testing of P(CL/DL-LA) copolymers containing 5, 10, 15, 20 wt % (in feed) of epsilon-CL showed that the properties of copolymers varied from hard and brittle to rubbery. The permanence of elastic properties was investigated with tension set measurements. These studies showed that copolymers crept remarkably under stress. The viscosity and elasticity of P(CL/DL-LA) copolymers at 120 degrees C were investigated using rheology studies.
The bone-bonding polymer known as Polyactive is a block copolymer composed of a polyethylene oxide (PEO) soft segment and a polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) hard segment. This study focuses on the in vitro induction of hydroxyapatite by Polyactive. Our results show that Polyactive is capable of inducing hydroxycarbonate apatite (HCAp) formation from a metastable calcium phosphate solution analogous to a physiological solution. In a 4-day incubation, the HCAp formation extended approximately 100 microm deep from the surface. A great number of globules about 1 microm large were found in the calcified Polyactive. These globules were composed of HCAp crystals embedded in the polymer matrix. There were so many globules in the surface that they connected with each other and formed a calcified layer. Next to the calcified layer was a zone where the globules were scattered. The calcified surface may have acted to promote HCAp growth from the solution, bringing about the formation of a HCAp layer on top of the calcified layer. The transition of solid Polyactive into a Polyactive hydrogel in calcium phosphate solution permitted HCAp formation within the polymer. It is proposed that the COOH groups produced during hydrolysis of Polyactive play an important role in nucleating hydroxyapatite. A remarkable affinity of the PEO segment of the polymer for calcium ions may facilitate moving calcium and phosphate from the solution into the polymer for the growth of HCAp.