PubMed · 2763316
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J Dement. 1989. Training under Superfund.. https://doi.org/10.1177/074823378900500414
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Direct measurement of tritium atoms by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) enables rapid low-activity tritium measurements from milligram-sized samples and permits greater ease of sample collection, faster throughput, and increased spatial and/or temporal resolution. Because existing methodologies for quantifying tritium have some significant limitations, the development of tritium AMS has allowed improvements in reconstructing tritium exposure concentrations from environmental measurements and provides an important additional tool in assessing the temporal and spatial distribution of chronic exposure. Tritium exposure reconstructions using AMS were previously demonstrated for a tree growing on known levels of tritiated water and for trees exposed to atmospheric releases of tritiated water vapor. In these analyses, tritium levels were measured from milligram-sized samples with sample preparation times of a few days. Hundreds of samples were analyzed within a few months of sample collection and resulted in the reconstruction of spatial and temporal exposure from tritium releases. Although the current quantification limit of tritium AMS is not adequate to determine natural environmental variations in tritium concentrations, it is expected to be sufficient for studies assessing possible health effects from chronic environmental tritium exposure.
BACKGROUND: Exposure to smoking during pregnancy is an important risk factor for child health. In the last few decades, the prevalence of smoking among fertile women has increased in Spain. OBJECTIVES: To assess fetal exposure to smoking in a representative sample of pregnant women and its trends. METHODS: The prevalence of smoking and smoking cessation were analyzed in a representative sample of women who gave birth in the city of Barcelona, extracted from a population-based registry of birth defects. The sample consisted of 1,801 women and covered the period 1994 to 2001. RESULTS: Among pregnant women, 43.4 % smoked before pregnancy, and 42.2 % of these quit. At the time of giving birth, 25.2 % of the women were smokers. Over the period studied the prevalence of smoking among pregnant women clearly decreased. Although the proportion of cessations showed no significant changes, fetal exposure to tobacco decreased. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of smoking among pregnant women was high, although many quit during pregnancy. Over the period studied, fetal exposure to smoking decreased. There is a need for more systematic interventions.
As knowledge of the human genome continues to grow, more progress is being made towards not only identifying the genes involved in disease susceptibility but also in defining the synergistic role genes play with environmental exposures. The detection of gene-environment interactions is important as it can offer clinicians a potential means of intervention. The discovery of interactions relies heavily on powerful statistical methods. We present a test, FBAT-I, that can be used to investigate gene-environment interaction. The test uses the case-parent triad design and protects the statistical inference from potential spurious results due to population admixture.