PubMed · 2860461
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A M Martin, M I McHugh, S J Scott. 1985-06-01. Cerebral dysfunction in intensive care.. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(85)92333-5
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) allows non-invasive study and modulation of cortical excitability in humans. Changes in cortical excitability in physiological and pathological conditions can be tracked by measurements such as motor threshold, motor evoked potentials, recruitment curves, intracortical facilitation and inhibition. The central motor conduction time can estimate neural transmission in central motor pathways. Changes in areas of representation in sensorimotor cortex can be studied with cortical mapping. Modulation of cortical processing can be used to evaluate different brain functions. Therapeutic use in depression, Parkinson's disease and epilepsy has raised great interest over the past decade. Non-invasive cortical mapping may be achieved by combining TMS to other neurophysiological/ neuroimaging techniques. TMS has great potential both as an investigational and as a therapeutical tool in Neurology and Psychiatry.
Visual disorders occur after lesions of brain areas involved in visual processing. Bilateral lesions located in occipital, temporal or parietal lobes leads to cerebral blindness, visual agnosia, prosopagnosia, alexia or visuospatial disorders. These visual disorders are difficult to understand by the patient. They see but do not recognise, or they can't see but their eyes are normal, spectacles can not improve their disorders. The diagnosis will be done after a systematic ophthalmologic, neurologic and neuropsychologic examination.
The term "executive functions" was coined to describe the abilities of planning, monitoring and controlling activity, specially in novel tasks. These functions have been associated with the activity of the frontal lobes. Dysexecutive function results in impaired inhibition of non-relevant information, flexibility and updating mental representations which can be observed in behaviour and in executive tests. The assessment of executive control is necessarily indirect and executive tasks always include non-executive components. Therefore, disturbances in executive tests are neither sensible nor specific for frontal lobe dysfunction. The results on different executive tasks are frequently dissociated in the same patient and are weakly correlated with the behavioural disturbances. Thus, the results on executive tests should always be compared to behavioural assessment.