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PubMed · 3143237

Magnetic susceptibility artifacts in gradient-recalled echo MR imaging.

Abstract

Artifacts related to magnetic susceptibility differences between bone and soft tissue are prevalent on gradient-recalled echo images, particularly when long echo delay times are used. These susceptibility artifacts spatially distort and artifactually enlarge bone contours. This can alter the apparent shape of the spinal canal and exaggerate the degree of spinal stenosis seen in patients with cervical spondylosis. The effects of magnetic susceptibility artifacts in gradient echo imaging were studied in a phantom model and the results were correlated with MR images obtained in patients with cervical spondylosis.

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BibTeXRIS

L F Czervionke, D L Daniels, F W Wehrli, L P Mark, L E Hendrix, J A Strandt, A L Williams, V M Haughton. Magnetic susceptibility artifacts in gradient-recalled echo MR imaging.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3143237/

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Surgical treatment of cervical kyphosis in Larsen syndrome: report of 3 cases and review of the literature.

STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective case series. OBJECTIVE: To review the surgical results for midcervical kyphosis in 3 cases with Larsen syndrome, and to discuss the choice of surgical treatments. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Cervical kyphosis is the most hazardous and serious manifestation of Larsen syndrome due to the risk of life-threatening paralysis, and thus usually requires surgical treatment. However, little information has been reported concerning surgical treatments for this challenging condition. METHODS: Three patients with Larsen syndrome were surgically treated for midcervical kyphosis at our institution. RESULTS: An infant with mild cervical kyphosis was successfully treated with posterior arthrodesis using a halo immobilization, and anterior vertebral growth with a mature posterior fusion mass resulted in spontaneous correction of the kyphosis. In the remaining 2 infants with myelopathic symptoms due to severe and structural kyphosis, anterior decompression and fusion via a lateral approach followed by posterior fusion with segmental spinal instrumentation and halo immobilization resulted in improved neurologic symptoms and solid fusion. CONCLUSIONS: Posterior spinal fusion is only indicated for patients with mild and flexible cervical kyphosis, and anterior decompression and circumferential arthrodesis is required for patients with severe kyphotic deformity, who usually develop myelopathic symptoms. Anterior surgery for such a small patient with severe kyphosis involves much higher risk of spinal cord injury during decompression maneuvers and difficulty in stabilization of the reconstructed cervical spine. Therefore, all patients with Larsen syndrome should be screened with radiographs at the first visit to detect cervical kyphosis early so that posterior alone fusion is possible.

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