PubMed · 3282433
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S Piantadosi, D P Byar, S B Green. 1988. The ecological fallacy.. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114892
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A formula to estimate ground level UV-B from meteorological data was developed for the purpose of utilization in ecologic and/or environmental epidemiologic studies. Estimated values were obtained for various regional points in Japan. There was a very high correlation (r = 0.98) between estimated and observed values at four weather stations during 1991-93. Ranks of the UV-B level for the 1990 year mean and decennial period means during 1961-1989 approximately equated ranks of latitude. However, > or = 10% variation in period means or > or = 10 difference in rank was observed at several regional points. Estimated UV-B level is affected by meteorological conditions including solar radiation and total ozone, and may serve as a refined and improved exposure index compared to conventional indices used in prior studies.
The organization of living entities combines, in close proximity and partial overlap, dissipative and self-organizing systems. Their superposition, in which gradients of opposite signification cross, allows local discontinuities to occur, and in them a place for marginal chaos and fractal configurations. Among other features, a difference in turnover speed characterizes such coupling, higher on the relatively more uniform domain where entropy increases more easily, and lower at the more minutely organized places of preferential information accretion. At the level of elementary physical events, logical aspects of indeterminacy could perhaps be clarified by an observer, assuming that the living system performs the role of a witness of historical progress.