PubMed · 3298964
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Y A Hannun, R M Bell. 1987. Mixed micellar assay for phorbol ester binding.. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(87)41076-8
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Concentrations of Cd, Cu and Zn in 175 detergent samples representing twenty-one brands of washing powders were analysed. Mean concentrations of 3.03 (+/- 0.50) microg Cd/g, 2.61 (+/- 1.22) microg Cu/g and 15.23 (+/- 7.26) microg Zn/g were recorded. The concentration of cadmium was much lower than previously reported. The daily contribution of metals from laundry washing are in the order of 54.5 microg Cd/ca/d, 47.0 microg Cu/ca/d and 274.1 microg Zn/ca/d. In Irish municipal wastewater the contribution from detergents of these metals are 31.9% for Cd, 0.24% Cu and 0.30% for Zn. This has important implications for sewage sludge disposal.
The Geography-referenced regional exposure assessment tool for European rivers (GREAT-ER) 1.0 was developed in the context of environmental risk assessment of chemicals to calculate the aquatic fate of 'down-the-drain' chemicals in surface waters due to point release. As a follow-up project, the river Rur catchment in Germany was incorporated into the system. This included aspects of data collection, modelling and monitoring. Investigated substances are the four detergent and cleaning agent ingredients boron, linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), nitrilotriacetate (NTA) and ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA). Results of the catchment's incorporation into the system and a comparison of GREAT-ER simulations with different monitoring results are both given. It is shown that data sets derived from a literature review can be used to calculate concentration profiles that are in the range of measured values. Since the model establishes a causal relationship between emission sites and data on the one hand, and observed concentrations in the receiving surface waters on the other, the simulation results can be used to explain monitoring data.