PubMed · 3498547
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G Hashim. 1987. Electronic anesthesia. An effective substitute.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3498547/
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Disorders of the musculoskeletal system may impact on dental management in diverse ways. Diseases of the bones may have a direct influence on treatment and joint disorders can also cause difficulties. Cervical spine involvement may lead to poor neck extension causing difficulties in providing dental treatment under local anaesthesia or allowing the provision of a safe general anaesthetic. Muscular disorders may mitigate against safe general anaesthesia. As with all medical disorders a thorough history can help to prevent many of the possible problems which may occur secondary to musculoskeletal diseases.
The liver has a number of important functions. It metabolises drugs and endogenous substances and contributes to their excretion by the body. Plasma proteins are synthesised in the liver which also acts as a storage organ for glycogen and vitamin B12. The liver is also important in the production of clotting factors for normal haemostatic function.