PubMed · 3522297
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S F Judge. 1986. Castable ceramics.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3522297/
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A method involving the simultaneous extraction and clean-up of 13 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) was developed using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) followed by gas chromatography-electron capture detection and mass spectrometric confirmation. The pesticides in the study consisted of alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-benzene hexachloride, heptachlor, aldrin, heptachlor epoxide, endosulfan I, 4,4'-DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethene), dieldrin, endrin, 4,4'-DDD (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane), endosulfan II, 4,4'-DDT (2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)1,1,1-trichloroethane), endrin aldehyde, and endosulfan sulfate. A series of experiments was conducted to optimize the final extraction conditions [pure CO2, 250 atm extraction pressure (1 atm = 101,325 Pa), 50 degrees C extraction temperature, 5 min static extraction time, 20 min dynamic extraction time, 2.0-g Florisil sorbent on top of 0.1-g samples, 12-ml n-hexane eluting at 1 ml/min, and a 10-ml extraction vessel]. Florisil sorbent was placed with the sample in the SFE vessel to provide a facile and effective clean-up approach. Mean recoveries of 78-121% with reproducibilities of 5-31% were obtained for the pesticides except for endosulfan II, endosulfan sulfate and endrin aldehyde. The simple and rapid method may be used to determine OCPs in CHMs routinely, and in fact, was used to analyze CHMs sold in Taiwan.
In an earlier publication by Chattoraj et al. [Biophysical Chemistry 63 (1996) 37], a generalized equation for standard free energy of (delta G0) interaction of surfactant, inorganic salts and aqueous solvent with protein, forming a single phase has been deduced on strict thermodynamic grounds. In the present paper, this equation has been utilized to calculate delta G0 in kilojoules per kilogram of different proteins for the change of bulk surfactant activity from zero to unity in the mole fraction scale. Values of binding interactions of CTAB, MTAB, DTAB and SDS to BSA, beta-lactoglobulin, gelatin, casein, myosin, lysozyme and their binary and ternary mixtures had already been determined in this laboratory at different surfactant concentrations, pH, ionic strength and temperature using an equilibrium dialysis technique. Values of delta G0 for saturated protein-surfactant complexes as well as unsaturated complexes are found to be equal. delta G0 is also found to vary linearly with maximum moles of surfactants bound to a kilogram of protein or protein mixture and the slope of this linear plot represents standard free energy delta G0B for the transfer of 1 mol of surfactant from the bulk for binding reaction with protein; -delta G0 values for different systems vary widely and the order of their magnitudes represents relative affinities of surfactants to proteins. Magnitude of -delta G0B on the other hand varies within a narrow range of 32-37 kJ/mol of surfactant. For interaction of SDS with BSA, close to the CMC, values of delta G0 are very high due to the formation of micelles of protein-bound surfactants. Values of delta G0 for negative binding of inorganic salts to proteins and protein mixtures have been evaluated using our generalized equation in which excess binding values of water and salts have been calculated from the data obtained from our previous isopiestic experiments. delta G0 values in these cases are positive due to the excess hydration of proteins. Negative values of delta G0 in surfactant interaction and positive values of delta G0 for hydration of proteins in the presence of neutral salts represent relative affinities of proteins for solute and solvent since in all cases, the reference state for delta G0 is the unit mole fraction of solute in the aqueous phase.