PubMed · 373495
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L Hoffmann, J W Gethmann. 1979. ["A simple, universally usable I.M.V. system"].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/373495/
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A T-piece injector assembly delivers a blended oxygen/air mixture proximally via the side-arm of the T-piece, while continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is independently regulated by an injector adapted distally to the open end of the reservoir tubing. The system can provide different CPAP levels without significant fluctuations in the airway pressure and/or the inspired oxygen concentrations, and it maintains the original simplicity and safety of the T-piece.
After investigating aspects of a single nasal cannula system we conclude that the pressure read-out point should be located as close to the application point as possible; furthermore the water blow-off or safety valve should be positioned before (or at) the pressure application point.