PubMed · 3784967
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1986-12-05. Transdermal estrogen.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3784967/
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HISTORY AND ADMISSION FINDINGS: A 70-year-old woman with type 2B diabetes mellitus was referred to the dermatology department because of inflammatory skin changes of unknown origin over the trunk and limbs. On admission follicular and parafollicular livid-red papulae with central crusts and reddened margins were noted over the lower legs and the lumbosacral region. INVESTIGATIONS: Further physical examination revealed no additional abnormalities. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 41/79 mm. The day-time blood-glucose profile was raised (10.2, 12.6 and 8.6 mmol/l), as was the glycosylated haemoglobin HbA1c (9.0%). Swabs from fresh lesions gave no evidence of fungal or bacterial infection. Biopsies revealed areas of widened epidermis with central ulceration filled with fibrin, granulocytes and collagen fibres. DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND COURSE: The clinical and histological findings indicated an acquired reactive perforating collagenosis (dermatosis) which should be judged in relation to the long-standing diabetes mellitus. The cutaneous changes were covered with salicylate- and steroid-containing preparations, while individual lesions were excised or removed by curettage. CONCLUSION: The condition of acquired reactive perforating collagenosis is, like Kyrle's disease (perforating follicular and parafollicular hyperkeratotic dermatosis), perforating serpiginous elastosis and perforating folliculitis classified among the perforating dermatoses. In the presence of renal failure and (or) diabetes mellitus these dermatoses must be thought of in the differential diagnosis, in addition to the more frequent pruriginous conditions, if there are corresponding skin changes.
BACKGROUND AND METHODS: Use of nicotine-replacement therapies and the antidepressant bupropion helps people stop smoking. We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of sustained-release bupropion (244 subjects), a nicotine patch (244 subjects), bupropion and a nicotine patch (245 subjects), and placebo (160 subjects) for smoking cessation. Smokers with clinical depression were excluded. Treatment consisted of nine weeks of bupropion (150 mg a day for the first three days, and then 150 mg twice daily) or placebo, as well as eight weeks of nicotine-patch therapy (21 mg per day during weeks 2 through 7, 14 mg per day during week 8, and 7 mg per day during week 9) or placebo. The target day for quitting smoking was usually day 8. RESULTS: The abstinence rates at 12 months were 15.6 percent in the placebo group, as compared with 16.4 percent in the nicotine-patch group, 30.3 percent in the bupropion group (P<0.001), and 35.5 percent in the group given bupropion and the nicotine patch (P<0.001). By week 7, subjects in the placebo group had gained an average of 2.1 kg, as compared with a gain of 1.6 kg in the nicotine-patch group, a gain of 1.7 kg in the bupropion group, and a gain of 1.1 kg in the combined-treatment group (P<0.05). Weight gain at seven weeks was significantly less in the combined-treatment group than in the bupropion group and the placebo group (P<0.05 for both comparisons). A total of 311 subjects (34.8 percent) discontinued one or both medications. Seventy-nine subjects stopped treatment because of adverse events: 6 in the placebo group (3.8 percent), 16 in the nicotine-patch group (6.6 percent), 29 in the bupropion group (11.9 percent), and 28 in the combined-treatment group (11.4 percent). The most common adverse events were insomnia and headache. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with sustained-release bupropion alone or in combination with a nicotine patch resulted in significantly higher long-term rates of smoking cessation than use of either the nicotine patch alone or placebo. Abstinence rates were higher with combination therapy than with bupropion alone, but the difference was not statistically significant.
The techniques of iontophoresis and electroporation can be used to enhance topical and transdermal drug delivery. Iontophoresis applies a small low voltage (typically 10 V or less) continuous constant current (typically 0.5 mA/cm2 or less) to push a charged drug into skin or other tissue. In contrast, electroporation applies a high voltage (typically, ?100 V) pulse for a very short (micros-ms) duration to permeabilize the skin. This electric assistance of drug delivery across skin will expand the scope of transdermal delivery to hydrophilic macromolecules such as the drugs of biotechnology. These two techniques differ in several aspects such as the mode of application and pathways of transport but can be used together for effective drug delivery. Iontophoresis is already used clinically in physical therapy clinics and is close to commercialization for development of a systemic delivery patch with miniaturized circuits and similar in overall size to a passive patch. The use of electroporation for drug delivery is relatively new and is being actively researched.