PubMed · 3933610
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E M Critchley. 1985-11-02. The human face.. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.291.6504.1222
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QUESTION: Do female inpatients with fibromyalgia (FM) differ from healthy women in their nonverbal affective behavior? METHODS: The data culled from 15 interviews with female FM inpatients and 15 interviews with healthy women were analyzed and the analyses of facial expression were subsequently correlated with gaze behavior. RESULTS: FM patients exhibited neither a reduction of total activity of facial expression nor of absolute frequency of primary affects in comparison to healthy subjects who did (also in eye contact) however exhibit a significantly higher proportion of "genuine joy" and lower proportion of "contempt." CONCLUSION: The absence of reduced total activity of facial expression is in contrast to the elaborate descriptions of symptoms provided by the patients, but detailed analyses show that elements which stabilize relationships are lacking and that dissociative elements are implanted in the interactions.
Deep change in psychotherapy more typically comes slowly rather than suddenly, but this difference between therapeutic change and quantum change may be one of perspective rather than substance. Psychotherapy may be understood as a kind of mindfulness practice similar to working with koans in that the client presents a life dilemma incapable of rational solution. While quantum change cannot be engineered, the psychotherapist can create an environment conducive to such transformation by producing true presence and modeling calm, concerned, sustained attention to the dilemma that precipitated treatment. Psychotherapists who also maintain a sense of their work as a high art and a way of being, and who in consequence cultivate their own emotional and spiritual development, may be more likely to create such an environment.
BACKGROUND: This paper explores the relationships that exist between the language used to describe spirituality within nursing and the appropriateness of constructing a universal definition acceptable to all individuals. 'Spirituality' is a term that is increasingly used in nursing but there may be problems about exactly what the term means and how it is interpreted and understood by both nurses and patients. AIM: The aim of the paper is to explore some of the commonly cited definitions to establish if the concept of spirituality could be termed 'universal'. METHOD: This paper presents a discussion, based upon a literature review, of the nursing and health care databases, combined with manual searches. The review demonstrates how the term spirituality is being constructed within nursing suggesting that there are numerous definitions each with several layers of meaning. FINDINGS: From the review the authors have developed 'a spiritual taxonomy' that may explain and accommodate the different layers of meaning found within nursing and health care definitions. At the extreme left there is a spirituality based on religious and theist ideals, while at the extreme right there is a spirituality based upon secular, humanistic, existential elements. A middle way is explained containing elements from both the left and right but not as fundamental or radical. CONCLUSION: The authors argue that because there are so many definitions with different layers of meanings, spirituality can imply different things depending upon an individual's personal interpretation or worldview. The results of the review suggest nursing is constructing a 'blanket' definition of spirituality, which has a broad, almost inexhaustible set of defining characteristics. If this approach continues then there is a danger that the word may become so broad in meaning that it loses any real significance.