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Gallbladder visualization on a technetium-99m MDP bone scan.

N M Lisann·C J Palestro·I S Novich·R S Benua
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Abstract

A bone scan performed on a 54-year-old woman with metastatic breast carcinoma and concurrent cholelithiasis demonstrated intense gallbladder concentration of radionuclide.

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Bone and BonesFemaleGallbladderHumansMiddle AgedRadionuclide ImagingTechnetium Tc 99m MedronateCase ReportsJournal Article

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N M Lisann, C J Palestro, I S Novich, R S Benua. 1986. Gallbladder visualization on a technetium-99m MDP bone scan.. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003072-198601000-00021

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PubMed1996

Antenatal diagnosis of short-limb dwarfism: sonographic approach.

Based on the findings in 12 patients with skeletal dysplasia diagnosed antenatally, the authors propose a tailored approach to the evaluation of foetuses with shortened long bones, depending on the time of discovery, the degree of shortening and the associated findings. During the second trimester, a very short femur [2 standard deviations (SD) - 5 mm and less] most probably corresponds to a bone dysplasia, although the differential diagnosis is mainly early intra-uterine growth retardation, and the foetal skeleton should be surveyed completely in order to find supplementary features suggestive of dwarfism. Anomalies of long bones in their shape, thickness or contour, or spinal ossification disorders or undermineralisation (best evaluated at the level of calvarial bones) are most helpful in determining the type of dysplasia. A short femur (between 2 SD and 2 SD - 4 mm) may indicate growth retardation, a chromosomal anomaly or dwarfism. Follow-up examinations are mandatory in order to differentiate between them. During the third trimester a very short femur may indicate a bone dysplasia and the work-up should be the same as in the second trimester. A short femur may correspond to dwarfism of late development, a growth-retarded foetus or constitutional shortness. Various ratios, especially that of the femur/foot, are helpful in differentiating between them. In case of previous family history, a short or very short femur usually indicates recurrence of the dwarfism. In all cases of antenatal diagnosis, confirmation of the sonographic findings should be obtained either by foetal or neonatal radiographs. The approach proposed by the authors should provide sufficient information to counsel the family not only for the ongoing pregnancy but also for subsequent ones.

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PubMed1996

Radiation dose reduction in computed skeletal radiography. Effect on image quality.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of radiation dose reduction on image ++quality in computed musculoskeletal radiography and determine optimal exposure range. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In 11 corpses, 1 hand and 1 hip were examined with film-screen radiography, and a series of computed radiographs was obtained using exactly the same technique except for the exposure, which was 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, and 1.56% of the mAs numbers used for the film-screen images. The computed hip radiographs were processed in 2 different ways, one simulating the film-screen images and one using contrast enhancement. Four radiologists reviewed the images regarding the following parameters: cortical bone, trabecular bone, joint space, and soft tissue, giving each a diagnostic quality rating on a scale from 1 to 5. The median and mean values were found for the pooled results. RESULTS: For the hands, the computed radiographs were ranked inferior to the film-screen images for all parameters except soft tissue, where the computed radiographs scored higher. The computed images with 50 and 25% exposure were ranked equal to the 100% ones. The quality rating slowly declined with lower exposures. For the hips, the 100 and 50% computed radiographs were generally similar to or slightly better than the film-screen images. The decline was somewhat faster than for the hands. The contrast-enhanced hip images scored less than the nonenhanced images at any given exposure for all parameters except soft tissue, where the contrast-enhanced images scored better at all exposures. The difference between nonenhanced and enhanced images became less at the lower exposures. CONCLUSION: Lowering the exposure in computed musculoskeletal radioagrphy below the level of film-screen radiography is feasible, especially in the peripheral skeleton. Contrast enhancement seems to be valuable only in the evaluation of soft-tissue structures.

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