PubMed · 3946721
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J M Horan, J J Cournoyer. 1986. Foodborne streptococcal pharyngitis.. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.76.3.296-a
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Fumonisins are mycotoxins mainly produced by Fusarium moniliforme, one of the most prevalent seed-borne fungi of maize. Strains of Fusarium moniliforme isolated from cereals in Europe produced in cultures high levels (up to 4 mg/g) of fumonisins B1 and B2 (FB1 and FB2). FB1 and FB2 have been found in maize and maize-based foods and feeds in most European countries. In Italy these mycotoxins have been directly involved in a fatal outbreak of equine leukoencephalomalacia, and have been found at different levels in most maize-based food products, including polenta--a staple food in a region with high incidence of esophageal cancer. The European Commission, Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) and Measurements and Testing Programme (M&T), has undertaken two consecutive intercomparison studies, involving over 20 laboratories from 12 European countries, to improve the quality of fumonisins analysis at European level. The first study consisted in the evaluation of the determination of fumonisins in an unknown solution, while the second one involved the analytical methodology for fumonisins in contaminated and blank maize samples. A definite improvement in the performance of the different laboratories has been observed in the second study. In view of the production of reference materials certified for their fumonisins contents, new analytical procedures need to be developed.
Twenty-nine Fusarium species isolated from various sources in different districts of Taiwan were tested for their ability to produce fumonisins in corn cultures. Only Fusarium moniliforme produced fumonisin B1 (FB1) and fumonisin B2 (FB2). The finding that the other 28 Fusarium species produced neither FB1 nor FB2 is preliminary because only one strain per species was studied. The detection of FB1 and FB2 in cultures of F. moniliforme was demonstrated by TLC and HPLC, and FB1 was further confirmed by mass spectrometry. In a separate experiment, in which 38 strains of F. moniliforme were tested for fumonisins, approximately 66% (25/38) produced FB1 and/or FB2. Of the 25 strains, 14 produced only FB1 and 11 produced both FB1 and FB2, and the amounts of FB1 and FB2 produced by different strains varied greatly. This is the first report that fumonisins are found in corn cultures experimentally infected with F. moniliforme strains from Taiwan. It is safe to assume that fumonisin producing strains of F. moniliforme are widely distributed among the economic crops such as corn, rice, sugarcane, and sorghum throughout the Island.
Eighty-nine strains representing 36 species of foodborne yeasts isolated from fruit juice concentrates were identified using the Baxter MicroScan enzyme-based kit, conventional tests according to a simplified identification method (SIM), and the API 20C kit. Of the 15 test species included in the MicroScan database, only 40% were correctly identified; 13% gave scores of unacceptably low probabilities, 20% were misidentified, and 27% could not be identified. Of the 21 test species not in the MicroScan database, 38% were misidentified and 62% produced biocodes with between-species differences not larger than differences between strains within species. The reliability of the MicroScan enzyme-based system is questioned, in that different results were sometimes obtained upon retesting the same strains. The MicroScan enzyme-based system is rapid, providing results within 4 h. However, because of its restricted and specific database and unreliability, the system appears to be unsuited for the identification of foodborne yeasts.