PubMed · 4008181
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B A Nichols. 1985. Interactions between Toxoplasma and host phagocytes.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4008181/
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At the start of the 21st century, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) remains a serious global health concern. Although RSV has traditionally been acknowledged as a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the paediatric population, the elderly and people with suppressed immune systems are now also recognised as being at risk from serious RSV infection. This problem is currently exacerbated by the lack of an effective vaccine to prevent RSV infection. Although the virus proteins play a variety of roles during the virus replication cycle, in many cases these tasks are performed via specific interactions with host-cell factors, including proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. The way in which RSV interacts with the host cell is currently being examined using a battery of different techniques, which encompass several scientific disciplines. This is providing new and interesting insights into how RSV interacts with the host cell at the molecular level, which in turn is offering the hope of new strategies to prevent RSV infection.
The rhizosphere encompasses the millimeters of soil surrounding a plant root where complex biological and ecological processes occur. This review describes recent advances in elucidating the role of root exudates in interactions between plant roots and other plants, microbes, and nematodes present in the rhizosphere. Evidence indicating that root exudates may take part in the signaling events that initiate the execution of these interactions is also presented. Various positive and negative plant-plant and plant-microbe interactions are highlighted and described from the molecular to the ecosystem scale. Furthermore, methodologies to address these interactions under laboratory conditions are presented.
Natural selection acts on virus populations at two distinct but interrelated levels: within individual hosts and between them. Studies of the evolution of virulence typically focus on selection acting at the epidemiological or between-host level and demonstrate the importance of trade-offs between disease transmission and virulence rates. Within-host studies reach similar conclusions regarding trade-offs between transmission and virulence at the level of individual cells. Studies which examine selection at both scales assume that between- and within-host selection are necessarily in conflict. We explicitly examine these ideas and assumptions using a model of within-host viral dynamics nested within a model of between-host disease dynamics. Our approach allows us to evaluate the direction of selection at the within- and between-host levels and identify situations leading to conflict and accord between the two levels of selection.