PubMed Health⌕ Search

PubMed · 4009751

The wound profile: a visual method for quantifying gunshot wound components.

Abstract

A wound profile method is reported for predicting the wounding potential of ordnance in living animal tissue by shooting projectiles into 10% gelatin blocks kept at a temperature of 4 degrees C. Blocks (25 X 25 X 50 cm) were placed end to end so that the entire missile-gelatin interaction was captured. The penetration and fragmentation pattern in these blocks previously was found comparable to wounds in living swine leg muscle. The extent of the radial cracks in the gelatin approximated the temporary cavity size in swine muscle. Measurements from longitudinal sections of the blocks indicated the depth of penetration and the sizes of both the permanent and temporary cavities, and fragmentation patterns were mapped from biplanar X-rays of the blocks. The four wound components, penetration, fragmentation, permanent cavitation, and temporary cavitation, were diagrammed in what was termed a 'wound profile.' This profile should help characterize wounds caused by different missiles.

Explore related subjects

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeXRIS

M L Fackler, J A Malinowski. 1985. The wound profile: a visual method for quantifying gunshot wound components.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4009751/

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related citations

Hydrogen exchange and hydration dynamics in gelatin gels.

Gelatin, derived from the collagen triple helix, is the most widely used functional biopolymer and a prototype for studies of physical gels. Gelatin gels have also served as models for soft biological tissue in efforts to elucidate the molecular basis of the magnetic relaxation phenomena that govern magnetic resonance image contrast. Yet, the microstructure, hydration, and magnetic relaxation behavior of gelatin gels are not well understood. To address these issues, we report here the water 2H and 17O magnetic relaxation dispersion (MRD) profiles from gelatin gels over wide ranges of resonance frequency and pH. For the global analysis of this extensive data set, we use a generalized relaxation theory that remains valid for arbitrarily slow molecular dynamics. The strong pH dependence in the 2H profiles can be rationalized quantitatively as the result of exchange with bulk water of labile hydrogens in gelatin side chains. The global analysis of the MRD data yields hydrogen-exchange rate constants, acid dissociation constants, and orientational order parameters in agreement with independent structural, thermodynamic, and kinetic data. The MRD analysis reveals a highly mobile hydration layer at the surface of the gelatin triple helix and a small number of trapped water molecules with residence times on the order of 10(-8) s, presumably associated with structural defects and branch points in the gel. The MRD data also indicate that approximately 20% of the gelatin residues belong to flexible polypeptide chains, rather than to rigid triple-helical segments. By identifying the molecular species and motions responsible for the 2H and 17O dispersion profiles, this study takes a significant step toward a quantitative understanding of water relaxation in aqueous gels and biological tissue.

Gelatin↗

Stochastic explanation of speckle contrast detection in ultrasound-modulated optical tomography.

Ultrasound-modulated optical tomography is an imaging technique that detects ultrasonically tagged light in optically turbid media to obtain images with optical contrast and ultrasonic spatial resolution. A CCD-camera-based speckle contrast detection scheme has been introduced previously to detect modulated light emerging from the ultrasonic sample volume. Differences in speckle contrast were experimentally observed when ultrasound was applied compared to when it was not. In this paper we provide an analytic explanation for this phenomenon and connect speckle statistics with ultrasonic field parameters. The theory predicts that speckle contrast changes linearly with applied acoustic intensity. This prediction is experimentally validated for both 1 and ultrasound. Signal dependence on ultrasound frequency is discussed.

Gelatin↗

Static light scattering and small-angle neutron scattering study on aggregated recombinant gelatin in aqueous solution.

Recombinant gelatins are currently evaluated as new excipients for pharmaceutical formulations. They can differ from nonrecombinant gelatins because of intentional alteration of the amino acid sequence and specific properties of the expression systems used. This may affect their solution behavior. In the present work, aqueous solutions of a histidine-containing recombinant gelatin (RG-15-His) were analyzed. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and loss of absorbance at 200 nm upon centrifugation indicated the formation of aggregates within 1 day upon sample preparation. Static light scattering (SLS) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiments showed that the aggregate's size was > or =300 nm, and that aggregates are composed of thin, rigid rods of 37 +/- 5 nm in length. The observed aggregation was not detectable by circular dichroism (CD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and cryo transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). SANS experiments, which are not frequently used in the pharmaceutical field, provided additional morphological information about the recombinant gelatin in solution. The results show that combining SLS and SANS is a broadly applicable, complementary approach for detecting aggregation of proteins and other biomolecules and for obtaining structural information about the aggregates.

Gelatin↗