Sex-dependent upregulation in oxylipins involved in inflammation resolution in the cerebellum of Niemann-Pick disease C1 mice.

Abstract

Unresolved inflammation in the cerebellum is implicated in motor and cognitive decline in Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC), a neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder caused by pathogenic mutations in the Npc1 gene encoding a cholesterol transporter protein. It is unclear whether unresolved inflammation in NPC stems from impairments in lipid-mediated resolution. For this reason, free lipid mediators (i.e., oxylipins) involved in inflammation resolution, as well as esterified lipid mediators known to regulate the bioavailability of free oxylipins were quantified using Reverse-Phase Ultra- Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to negative Electrospray Ionization and Triple Quadrupole Tandem Mass Spectrometry (RP-UPLC-ESI(-)-QqQ-MS/MS) in Npc1 knock-in (NPC1ki) and Wildtype (WT) mice. Total cholesterol and fatty acids including polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) precursors to oxylipins, were quantified using Gas Chromatography coupled to Flame Ionization Detection (GC-FID). Compared to WT mice, female NPC1ki mice, but not males, exhibited significantly elevated levels of free pro-resolving fatty acid epoxides (EpETrE and EpDPE) from the cytochrome P450 (CYP) pathway. Esterified mono- and dihydroxy lipid mediators derived from the lipoxygenase (LOX) and soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) pathways were mainly increased in NPC1ki females, suggesting enhanced sequestration of pro-inflammatory LOX and sEH metabolites. While PUFAs and cholesterol concentrations were not significantly different between groups, myristic (C14:0) and palmitoleic acid (C16:1n-7) were significantly elevated in female NPC1ki mice compared to WT controls. These findings suggest sex-specific adaptations in inflammation resolution pathways in NPC, with females exhibiting distinct inflammatory responses that may drive sex-related differences in disease pathogenesis. Our findings underscore the need for sex-specific therapeutic approaches to improve NPC treatment outcomes.