PubMed · 406250
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D A Girdano. Preventive treatment--an intermediate step.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/406250/
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The effects of compliance cost and warning content on the use of protective eyewear by racquetball players were evaluated. Four-hundred-twenty subjects were observed for use of eye protection in a field setting. Results indicate that proximal placement of eyewear and the inclusion of specific consequence warning information increased safety equipment use. Implications of this research for augmenting warning effectiveness and safety are discussed.
The use of seat belts by drivers was measured in three target and three control cities in Illinois before, during, and after the application of heightened police enforcement of the seat belt law in the target cities. The extra enforcement produced increases in the use of seat belts by drivers during the four months of the heightened enforcement. Observations of seat belt use continued for four months after the end of the enforcement, and a substantial residual effect remained in two of the three target cities. In one target city the use of seat belts had dropped close to the level at the start of the project by the end of the second month after the end of enforcement. Taking account of the percentage of drivers who became aware of the increased enforcement suggested that a sustained program of enforcement may result in 60%-70% of drivers using seat belts.
The last decade of the twentieth century is witnessing a profusion of projects drawing together social and health scientists to study and recommend solutions for a wide range of health problems. The process--practiced in both developed and developing countries--is usually called multidisciplinary or interdisciplinary research. Its historical precedents are briefly reviewed in this paper along with the types of problems addressed. From a review and discussion of a sample of projects selected from two major proponents of this approach to research, the Social and Economic Research Component of the UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases and the Applied Diarrheal Disease Research Project, conclusions are drawn about the nature of contributions from such efforts--very useful for short-term problem solving, less so for longer-term programmatic changes, especially beyond the health sector, and even more limited in impact on theory building for coping with the changing human condition. The recognition of such limitations is now widespread in the social and natural sciences beyond the health sector, in population, ecology, and the humanities. Following these observations, I argue for a new approach to transcend the disciplinary bounds inherent in multi- and interdisciplinary research. A transdisciplinary approach can provide a systematic, comprehensive theoretical framework for the definition and analysis of the social, economic, political, environmental, and institutional factors influencing human health and well-being. The academic and career challenges for such researchers, while considerable, may be overcome since there is now a new flexibility in research-supporting organizations to encourage new ideas in international health, such as that of essential national health research.